Koj puas nco qab thaum koj kawm keeb kwm hauv tsev kawm lossis tsev kawm ntawv? Puas yog qhov nthuav? Feem ntau, koj cov lus teb yuav nyob ntawm seb koj tus kws qhia ntawv qhia cov ntaub ntawv li cas. Yog tias nws tsuas ua rau koj nco txog qee cov hnub, ces nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias keeb kwm zoo li rau koj "kev nyuaj siab hauv ntiaj teb." Txawm li cas los xij, tej zaum nws tsis yog li ntawd, thiab koj tus kws qhia ntawv tuaj yeem ua pa lub neej rau hauv keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb. Thaum nws tham txog lub neej nyob rau hauv Egypt thaum ub los yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Sparta, cov keeb kwm piav qhia nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm inquisitive me nyuam kawm ntawv. Puas yog nws zoo li koj tias cov duab keeb kwm tau tuaj rau hauv koj lub siab? Zoo, yog hais tias yog li ntawd. Dab tsi yog qhov teeb meem? Vim li cas ib tus kws qhia ntawv txoj hauv kev yuav txawv ntawm lwm tus? Qhov txawv ntawm tus kws qhia keeb kwm zoo thiab tus phem yog tib yam li qhov sib txawv ntawm keeb kwm qhuav thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm. Nws hloov tawm hais tias cov theem ntawm historiography yuav piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntau vividly. Zoo li notshwm sim? Cia peb kawm.
keeb kwm yog dab tsi?
Historiography yog, yooj yim muab tso, muaj cov ntaub ntawv ua tiav cov txheej txheem uas nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm qee yam hauv keeb kwm. Ib qho piv txwv yooj yim tuaj yeem muab tau. Biblical historiography yog ib phau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau txog cov neeg Yudais ntawm biblical lub sij hawm, muaj cov kev tshawb fawb muaj feem xyuam nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm archaeology, lus Hebrew lus thiab muaj scientific discoveries; ib qho kev qhia meej ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kab keeb kwm lossis cov pov thawj uas yog cov ntsiab lus.
Yog tias peb tham txog hom kev tshawb fawb no raws li kev tshawb fawb, keeb kwm keeb kwm yog kev qhuab qhia uas kawm keeb kwm thiab nws cov lus qhia. Historiography saib xyuas qhov zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab nws cov qauv tsim. Qhov no suav nrog kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau cov kws tshawb fawb uas nws tau them. Raws li Ozhegov phau ntawv txhais lus, keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm kev paub thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm.
keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm
Historiography yog ib txoj hauv kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm, ua tiav los ntawm Croce, ua tsaug uas nws tuaj yeem pom kev sib txuas ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev xav. Vim li cas thiaj xav tau kev tshawb fawb no? Qhov tseeb yog tias ntxiv rau kev soj ntsuam thiab sau cov lus tseeb, ib txwm yuav tsum tau muab cov lus piav qhia rau cov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim. Thiab, raws li koj paub, tib neeg muaj kev xav sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, kev nkag siab qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb yuav tsum muaj feem cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm yuav piav txog nws qhov kev xav. Tsis tas li ntawd, Croce kuj muaj nqis heevmuab qhov kov niaj hnub no.
Vim cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm feem ntau tsuas yog qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav ntawm tus sau, uas tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm qhov tseeb, ob qho tib si chronology thiab txoj hauv kev kom raug rau kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb. Muaj tseeb, ob lub tswv yim no tsis tuaj yeem hu ua qhov sib txawv. Es tsis txhob, lawv yog ob lub ntsiab lus sib txawv kiag li ntawm kev pom. Chronology tsuas qhia qhov tseeb, thaum keeb kwm yog lub neej. Lub keeb kwm ploj mus yav dhau los, thiab keeb kwm yog niaj hnub txhua lub sijhawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua zaj dab neeg tsis muaj qab hau hloov mus rau hauv banal chronology. Raws li Croce, keeb kwm tsis tuaj yeem los ntawm keeb kwm, ib yam li cov ciaj sia tsis tuaj ntawm qhov tuag.
Philological keeb kwm
keeb kwm philological yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev, ua tsaug uas, piv txwv li, los ntawm ntau cov haujlwm keeb kwm lossis phau ntawv koj tuaj yeem tau txais ib qho. Cov txheej txheem no nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab hu ua compilation - combining lwm tus neeg txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab cov tswv yim, tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov thawj qhov chaw. Ib tug neeg uas siv txoj hauv kev no tsis tas yuav mus dhau lub roob ntawm phau ntawv, tab sis qhov kawg tau txais los ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb zoo li no yog qhov tsis siv. Peb tau txais qhov tseeb qhuav, tej zaum tsis yog ib txwm ntseeg tau, tab sis peb poob qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - keeb kwm nyob. Yog li, keeb kwm raws li philology tej zaum yuav muaj tseeb, tab sis tsis muaj qhov tseeb hauv nws. Cov neeg uas siv txoj kev no tuaj yeem thiab xav ua kom ob leeg rau lwm tus thiab lawv tus kheej tias qee cov ntaub ntawv yog ib qho kev sib cav tsis txaus ntseeg rau qhov tseeb. Yog li lawv zoo licompilers ntawm chronology nrhiav qhov tseeb nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej, tab sis nco qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Txoj hauv kev zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov tseeb ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm.
Ib yam ntxiv txog keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm
Yog tias peb tham txog dab tsi Soviet keeb kwm lossis lwm yam yog, nws tuaj yeem sau tseg tias ua ntej lo lus no txhais tau tias nws txhais li cas, xws li "keeb kwm hauv kev sau ntawv" (graphos - sau). Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd txhua yam hloov pauv, thiab hnub no tom qab cov lus qhia no lawv pom keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm nws tus kheej. Ntawm cov neeg uas sawv ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm keeb kwm, ib tug muaj peev xwm npe S. M. Solovyov, V. O. Klyuchevsky thiab P. N. Milyukov. Lawv, zoo li ntau lwm tus, tau tshawb nrhiav ob qho tib si qhov tseeb qhov tseeb thiab cov txheej txheem uas twb muaj lawm. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim tag nrho cov palette ntawm kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb. Ntxiv rau cov kws tshawb fawb tau teev tseg saum toj no, ib tus tuaj yeem sau npe rau lwm tus uas coj qhov tseeb rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm historiography raws li kev tshawb fawb thiab uas tau piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas siv txoj hauv kev tshawb fawb. Raws li peb tau hais los saum no, historiography yog saum toj no qhov nqaim philological saib ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Tiam sis, nws yog ib qho kev sim ua kom rov tsim lub ntiaj teb raws li nws tau ntau pua thiab ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los, muaj lub siab xav nkag mus rau qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav mus rau lub sijhawm thaum ub thiab tseem tsa lub neej thiab txoj sia ntawm cov neeg uas nyob ntev dhau los.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm keeb kwm
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm yog kev nkag siab tag nrho ntawm yav dhau los thiab tam sim no, keeb kwm raws li kev tshawb fawb. Ua tsaug rau nws, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb nws yuav txhim kho qhov twgkeeb kwm, thiab ua rau kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tseeb dua. Ua tsaug rau keeb kwm keeb kwm, nws tuaj yeem ua tau los cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij tshaj lij hauv keeb kwm.
Qhov tseeb, yuav muaj qhov sib txawv loj ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev xyaum yog tias lawv tsis txuas nrog keeb kwm, uas hloov txoj kev xav rau hauv kev siv tswv yim. Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias tus kws sau keeb kwm paub zoo txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas nws tshawb fawb thiab qhia, qhov no yuav pab nws ua tus kws tshaj lij hauv nws thaj chaw.
Niaj hnub sim nthuav dav saib keeb kwm
Nyob rau ob peb lub xyoo dhau los, ntau qhov kev siv zog tau coj los saib tshiab ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm. Ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ntawv sau "Soviet Historiography", luam tawm xyoo 1996, nrog rau phau ntawv "Cov Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm Hauv Tebchaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas" (2002). Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob los ntawm kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm hauv lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no, vim nws qhib txoj hauv kev rau kev kawm tob txog keeb kwm science.
Russian historiography
Kev siv zog kom nkag siab txog keeb kwm Lavxias tsis yog lub tswv yim tshiab. Ntau xyoo dhau los, tib neeg hloov pauv, uas txhais tau hais tias txoj hauv kev rau kev kawm kuj hloov pauv. Yav tas los, keeb kwm tau kawm ntau ntxiv txhawm rau txhawm rau tshawb pom cov keeb kwm yav dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua lub sijhawm, Lavxias teb sab historiography tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm uas tus kws tshawb fawb nyob. Providentialism, tsis muaj txoj hauv kev txuas nrog cov lus qhia tseeb ntawm Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyooglub ntsiab cav ntawm lub siab xav nkag siab txog keeb kwm. Ces tej xwm txheej twg los yog tej xwm txheej ntawd raug suav hais tias yog Vajtswv txoj kev cuam tshuam, tsis quav ntsej txog qhov tseeb uas phau Vajlugkub qhia meej tias: “Txiv neej kav tus txiv neej rau nws txoj kev puas tsuaj.” Yog li, Vajluskub qhia tias rau txhua qhov xwm txheej hauv keeb kwm, cov neeg uas tsim lawv yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Lavxias teb sab historiography kuj tau dhau los ntawm cov laj thawj tsis tseeb.
Sawv cev ntawm cov Slavs
Txawm hais tias niaj hnub no tag nrho cov tswv yim ntawm cov neeg uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm Kievan Rus tsis paub tseeb, tab sis tshuaj xyuas qhov tseeb, ib tug tseem tuaj yeem pom tias nyob rau hauv cov hnub muaj ntau cov lus dab neeg thiab zaj nkauj uas muaj kev cuam tshuam lub ntiaj teb. views ntawm ancient Slavs. Lawv lub tswv yim txog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lawv yog qhov txawv ntawm niaj hnub no. Thiab txawm hais tias tej zaum yuav muaj cov ntsiab lus tseeb hauv lawv, feem ntau, tsis muaj leej twg yuav kho cov quirks nrog kev ntseeg siab. Txawm li cas los xij, ib tus tuaj yeem ua raws li cov lus ntawm ib tus kws sau ntawv uas hu ua tag nrho cov nkauj Slavic, epics, fairy tales thiab paj lug "lub meej mom thiab lub siab ntawm tib neeg." Lwm lo lus, cov neeg sau lawv xav tib yam.
Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tshiab thiab kev paub txog kev nce qib hauv txoj hauv kev rau kev kawm keeb kwm, kev tshawb fawb nws tus kheej tau txhim kho. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshiab ntawm kev pom thiab kev sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau tshawb fawb tshiab, keeb kwm tau hloov pauv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov kev tshawb fawb tau txhim kho.
Lub sijhawm sim sim ntawm chronology
Nyeem ntauancient scientific tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, koj muaj peev xwm pom ib tug nthuav cov yam ntxwv feature - cov narration ntawm tej xwm txheej feem ntau pib los ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial thiab xaus nrog lub sij hawm uas tus sau nws tus kheej nyob. Rau cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, cov ntaub ntawv uas tus kws sau keeb kwm tau sau tseg txog lub sijhawm uas nws tus kheej nyob yog qhov tseem ceeb dua, vim tias cov ntaub ntawv no yog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws thiab ntseeg tau. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv sib txawv qhia tau hais tias txawm tias tom qab ntawd muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev xav ntawm cov neeg sib txawv ntawm tib cov teeb meem. Yog li, cov neeg sib txawv feem ntau muaj kev xav sib txawv ntawm ib qho xwm txheej keeb kwm.
Peb kawm dab tsi?
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem nkag mus rau Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab thiab pom tias muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb tau piv rau peb lub sijhawm. Peb tuaj yeem pom luv luv txog dab tsi cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm keeb kwm raws li kev tshawb fawb, thiab xav tias yuav ua li cas lub tiaj tus scientific txoj kev txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyob tiag tiag, lub qhov rooj uas qhib txoj kev tshawb fawb, paub niaj hnub no li keeb kwm. Los ntawm kev siv yam koj tau kawm hauv koj tus kheej kev tshawb fawb, koj tuaj yeem ua rau koj txoj kev kawm keeb kwm nthuav dav rau koj tus kheej thiab lwm tus. Cov keeb kwm ntawm Kievan Rus lossis keeb kwm ntawm Russia tsis muaj teeb meem rau koj lawm.
