Anatomy yog kev qhuab qhia tseem ceeb hauv tshuaj. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no kawm ob qho tib si sab nraud ntawm lub cev thiab nws cov qauv sab hauv. Nrog rau kev nthuav dav ntawm kev phais mob raws li lub hauv paus ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv, topographic anatomy tau tsim, thiab tom qab ntawd muab cais ua ib qho kev qhuab qhia, uas ua rau cov kws phais neeg ua haujlwm los kawm txog cov qauv ntawm tib neeg lub cev hauv cov cheeb tsam sib txawv, ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev..
Dab tsi yog topography hauv anatomy?
Anatomical topography yog ib feem ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv uas kawm txog cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm tib neeg lub cev thaj chaw, qhov chaw ntawm cov kabmob sib raug zoo rau ib leeg, holotopy thiab skeletopy, nrog rau cov ntshav thiab cov qog ntshav thaum lub sijhawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev thiab Nyob rau hauv pathology, noj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej tus yam ntxwv. Tshooj lus ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv no tseem ceeb heev rau cov tshuaj,raws li nws sawv cev rau lub hauv paus theoretical rau kev phais phais.
Section Description
Anatomical topography yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov qauv ntawm tib neeg lub cev raws li paub qhov chaw ntawm lub cev uas tau hais tseg, xws li lub cev, lub taub hau, caj dab, thiab lwm yam. Txhua feem tau muab faib ua cov cheeb tsam me me, tshwj xeeb yog them nyiaj rau qhov chaw ntawm cov txheej txheem anatomical, nrog rau lawv cov duab ntawm lub cev.
Yog li, ntu no ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv yog lub hauv paus rau kev kuaj mob ntawm lub cev. Yog li, qhov topography ntawm cov kabmob sab hauv yog nqa tawm siv txoj kev kawm cov ntaub so ntswg hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg hauv qee qhov chaw ntawm lub cev. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev coj ua ntawm tus kws kho mob, kom nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm pathology, thiab tseem tuaj yeem qhia cov ntaub ntawv raug rau kev phais mob, thaum lub sijhawm nws yuav tsum tau txiav cov ntaub so ntswg tob rau hauv txheej.
Topography problems
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm topography hauv lub cev nqaij daim tawv yog los piav qhia cov cheeb tsam anatomical hauv txheej. Cov cheeb tsam ntawm no sawv cev rau ib feem ntawm lub cev, uas yog conditionally delimited ntawm ib leeg los ntawm kab, ob qho tib si natural thiab artificially kos. Ntuj ciam teb zoo li daim tawv nqaij folds, bony prominences, thiab lwm yam.
Yog li, topography hauv anatomy yog kev qhuab qhia uas tseem kawm txog thaj chaw ntawm cov pob txha thiab cov leeg, cov duab ntawm cov kabmob sab hauv, cov hlab ntsha thiab cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub cev ntawm tib neeg lub cev, qhov chaw. Cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev txheeb ze rau thaj chaw ntawm lub cev (holotopy), txheeb ze rau lub pob txha (skeletotopy), nrog rau cov kab mob sib ze (syntopy). Piv txwv li, holotopically tus po tus po yog nyob rau sab laug hypochondrium, skeletotopically - nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub cuaj, kaum thiab kaum ib tav tav, thiab syntopically tus po yog nyob ze ntawm lub diaphragm, plab, sab laug raum thiab adrenal caj pas, tus Tsov tus tw ntawm tus txiav.
Txoj hauj lwm ntawm topography kuj yog kev kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kheej anatomical qauv ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Ntawm no nws yog ib txwm ua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv brachymorphic thiab dolichomorphic, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm lub cev ntawm tus neeg thiab qhov hnyav ntawm qhov raug mob. Lub topography ntawm lub cev uas nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kab noj hniav ntawm tib neeg lub cev coincides nrog lub cev ntawm lub cev. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, txiav txim siab txoj kev phais.
Topography lub hom phiaj
Anatomical topography teev nws tus kheej cov hom phiaj hauv qab no:
- Qhia kev nyem ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb.
- Kawm txog txoj haujlwm ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, nrog rau lawv cov khoom.
- Qhia cov kev tswj hwm ntawm ib qho khoom nruab nrog hauv qhov chaw ob sab.
- Kev piav qhia ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kabmob hauv lub cev ua haujlwm peb sab.
Yog li, lub hauv paus ntawm topography nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm xws li cov ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb xws li kev kho lub cev, stratigraphy, planimetry thiab stereometry. Relief anatomy plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kuaj mob, nrog rau kev ua kom pom tseeb hauv cov kev hloov pauv ntawm pathology kev loj hlob thiab kev kho mob. Cov yam ntxwv nyem uas pom thaum kuaj ib tus neeg,yog dynamic thiab zoo li qub.
Tom ntej khoom
Yuav kom tus kws kho mob tuaj yeem taug kev hauv ib cheeb tsam, nws yuav tsum muaj peev xwm soj ntsuam cov pob txha loj (qhov cim xeeb), cov leeg, cov leeg. Nrog rau qee qhov chaw ntawm lub cev, cov leeg thiab cov leeg pom ntawm lawv tus kheej, qhov no kuj tseem siv tau rau cov leeg pob txha. Lub peev xwm los hnov cov mem tes ntawm cov hlab ntsha kuj tseem ceeb ntawm no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub txog cov hlab ntsha thiab cov hlab ntsha (cov kab uas ua rau lawv txoj hauj lwm hauv qhov tob) thiaj li muaj kev nkag tau rau lawv thaum ua haujlwm. Nws tseem yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj peev xwm los tsim cov contours ntawm lub cev mus rau saum npoo ntawm tib neeg lub cev kom muaj lub tswv yim ntawm lawv thaj tsam. Thaum palpated, cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev uas raug hloov pauv tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tau ua nyob rau ntawm no los ntawm kev kawm ntawm cov qog ntshav thiab cov hlab ntsha txhawm rau txhawm rau txiav txim siab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev hla hla.
Topography ntawm cov kabmob hauv nruab nrog cev thiab cov hlab ntsha muab ntau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj siv tau, feem ntau yog rau cov kws kho mob thiab kws kho mob. Ntu no ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv yog hu ua siv.
Qhov kev kawm ntawm topography yog kev kawm txog lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm cov ceg tawv hauv kev raug mob, txoj hauv kev ntawm kev nthuav dav hematomas, kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, thiab lwm yam. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom kawm txog cov kev hloov pauv hauv topography uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm impulses ntawm lub paj hlwb. Yog li, qhov topography ntawm cov hlab ntsha tuaj yeem hloov pauv nyob ntawm seb cov leeg nqaij sib cog lus li cas.
Anatomical Topography Methods
Kev tshawb fawb siv hauv anatomical topography tau muab faib ua ob pawg: kev kuaj mob ntawm tus neeg muaj sia thiab kev kuaj mob ntawm lub cev. Qhov saum npoo ntawm tib neeg lub cev yog kawm txhawm rau txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm cov pob txha thiab cov leeg, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev phais phais. Niaj hnub no, cov kev kuaj mob xws li suav topography, radiography, angiography, fluoroscopy thiab stereography, thiab radionuclide scintigraphy tau dav siv. Infrared thermography feem ntau siv, nrog rau MRI.
Yuav kom kuaj tau qhov tseeb dua, cov kws kho mob siv cov kev kuaj mob endoscopic, uas suav nrog cardioscopy, gastroscopy, bronchoscopy thiab sigmoidoscopy. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sim ua qauv yog feem ntau qhia kom muaj peev xwm kawm txog kev hloov pauv hauv ntau yam kab mob pathological thiab kev ua haujlwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kab mob pathological tau kawm ntawm cov tsiaj txhawm rau kho cov txheej txheem phais thiab cov txheej txheem yav tom ntej. Yog li, topography yog ib ceg ntawm lub cev uas tseem ceeb rau tus kws phais. Nws pab nws kom raug kawm txog cov qauv thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub cev kom ua tau zoo ntawm kev phais.
Studying a corpse in topography
Thaum kuaj lub cev tuag, siv txoj hauv kev xws li topographic anatomical npaj. Nws tso cai, nrog kev pab los ntawm kev sib cais incisions, uas yog ua nyob rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, soj ntsuam tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv ib tug tej thaj chaw, raws li zoo raws li qhov ratio ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab.paj hlwb, qhov chaw ntawm lub cev. Thawj zaug, txoj kev no (txiav lub cev tuag) tau thov los ntawm Pirogov N. I. Nrog kev pab los ntawm kev txiav ntawm lub cev tuag, uas tau ua nyob rau hauv kab rov tav, sagittal thiab frontal dav hlau, nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm lub cev hauv lub cev. lub cev, nrog rau lawv qhov chaw txheeb ze rau ib leeg. Pirogov N. I. kuj tau npaj ib txoj kev sculptural, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm lub cev tuag ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg uas nyob ib ncig ntawm ib lub cev uas yuav tsum tau kawm.
Topography yog kev qhuab qhia uas siv txoj kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Nws yog tsim los kom muaj peev xwm kawm txog tib neeg vascular system. Cov hlab ntsha (lymphatic thiab circulatory) muaj cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm ntau yam xim, tom qab ntawd lawv pib txiav lossis siv hluav taws xob. Txoj kev tshawb fawb corrosion yog qhov txhaws ntawm cov hlab ntsha nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Cov ntaub so ntswg yog yaj nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub, tsim pwm ntawm formations yuav tau kawm.
Kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub
Hnub no, qhov chaw nyob ntawm tib neeg lub cev muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev siv histological, biochemical, histochemical diagnostic txoj kev. Autoradiography yog dav siv los kawm txog kev sib sau thiab kev faib tawm ntawm radionuclides hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob. Txhawm rau txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov kab mob microscopic, siv txoj kev kuaj mob electron microscopic. Cov tshuab siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob tau siv, uas tso cai rau kev tshuaj xyuas thiab hloov pauv ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg.
Results
Hnub no, qhov chaw ntawm lub cev tau siv dav hauv cov tshuaj, tshwj xeeb hauv kev phais thiab kev kho mob. Tus tsim ntawm qhov kev qhuab qhia no yog Pirogov N. I. Cov ceg ntawm lub cev ntawm lub cev no pab ua kom raug kev phais mob uas tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo. Yog tsis muaj kev paub no, kev ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem ua. Kev qhuab ntuas pab kom nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem pathological, ua qhov kev kuaj mob kom raug, thiab kwv yees kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem them nyiaj tom qab kev phais.
