Cov tshuaj mercury sulfide, lwm yam hu ua cinnabar, yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg heev. Nws yog cov ntxhia mercury tshaj plaws. Nws tau siv txij thaum ancient sij hawm los ua ib tug zas xim. Tab sis thaum ua tiav, cov ntxhia no tuaj yeem tso cov tshuaj lom thiab ua rau muaj kev lom. Yog li ntawd, tam sim no cinnabar tsuas yog siv rau kev tshem tawm cov mercury, uas yog siv hauv kev lag luam thiab tshuaj.
Mineral mercury sulfide
Nws hu ua cinnabar. Lo lus no los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm Persian thaum ub "daj ntshav". Qhov ntawd yog li cas mercury sulfide tau hu ua nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws ntawm Ancient East rau nws cov xim liab. Nyob rau hauv ib lub nti, lub pob zeb no ci ntsa iab heev uas nws zoo li tee ntshav. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, nws sai sai oxidizes, kis ib tug xiav-grey xim. Tsis tshua muaj, cov ntxhia no muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus kheej muaju. Feem ntau nws yog ib qho khoom loj lossis cov quav hniav. Cinnabar kuj pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hlab ntsha, crusts thiab inclusions nyob rau hauv limestone thiab av nplaum pob zeb.
Lwm qhov kev hloov kho ntawm mercury sulfide yog cov ntxhia metacinnabarite. Nws yog cov hmoov dub, tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej. Txawm tias tsis tshua muaj mineralsmuaj mercury sulfide - cov no yog actashite, guadalcarcite, opophrite, saukovite thiab lwm yam.
Spread in nature
Mercury sulfide yog cov mercury ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws tsim nyob rau hauv hydrothermal deposits ze rau saum npoo. Cov pob zeb no yog mined ua ke nrog quartz, pyrite, calcite thiab lwm yam pob zeb. Qhov loj tshaj plaws deposit ntawm mercury sulfide, uas tau tsim rau ob txhiab xyoo, nyob rau hauv Spain. Nws yog hu ua Almaden, kwv yees li 80% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov mercury reserves yog mined ntawm no. Kuj tseem muaj qhov tso nyiaj loj hauv Slovenia, Yugoslavia, thiab Asmeskas. Cais cov mines thaum ub, uas tseem tab tom tsim, nyob hauv Rome, hauv Donbass, hauv Central Asia, hauv Primorye.
Properties
Cov pob zeb no muaj ntau dua 80% mercury. Nws yog nws leej twg yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov hlau no. Txij li thaum mercury tau ntev tau paub thiab siv hauv kev lag luam, yog li ntawd, mercury sulfide feem ntau siv. Cov mis ntawm cov tshuaj no yog HgS, txwv tsis pub nws tseem hu ua mercury sulfide. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntxhia yog nws lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg:
- ci liab;
- ntawm ib nti - glitters;
- nyias daim hlau ntawm cov pob zeb yuav luag pob tshab, nco txog lub pob zeb diamond;
- muaj qhov ntom ntom, yog li hnyav heev;
- muag yooj yim;
- yog rhuab rau 200 degrees, evaporates nrog tso tawm ntawm mercury vapor;
- dissolving nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov ntawm nitric thiab hydrochloric acids.
keeb kwm siv
Nws ntseeg tias cinnabar tau paub rau noob neej 15 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Nws tau pom nyob rau hauv pob zeb kos duab. Txawm nyob hauv Rome thaum ub, hauv tebchaws Iziv thiab Byzantium, mercury sulfide tau mined kom tau txais cov hlau no thiab cov xim liab liab. Cov cinnabar txawm siv los ua khoom plig.
Cov khoom qub tshaj plaws uas tau muaj sia nyob rau tam sim no yog nyob hauv Rome, Gorlovka, hauv Ferghana Valley ntawm thaj chaw Uzbekistan, hauv Tajikistan. Lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo, cov neeg ua haujlwm feem ntau tuag los ntawm kev lom.
Cinnabar muaj nuj nqis heev nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm vim nws ci liab caws pliav xim. Thiab nws tau mined 500 xyoo ua ntej peb era. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau siv los muab mercury. Cov hlau no muaj nuj nqis heev thiab siv los ua tshuaj rau kev tsis txawj tuag. Vim nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb, mercury hu ua kua nyiaj thiab feem ntau siv hauv alchemy. Cov hlau no tau muab qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv txhua qhov kev sim.
Tau txais
Txawm tias nyob rau hauv Suav teb thaum ub, cov khoom siv dag zog tau ua ntej. Los ntawm fusing mercury nrog sulfur, alchemists tsim liab mercury sulfide thaum ntxov li 9th caug xyoo. Thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog hauv lawv cov duab kos twb tau siv dag cinnabar. Tam sim no siv ob txoj hauv kev kom tau mercury sulfide: qhuav thiab ntub. Hauv qhuav qhuav, mercury yog tov nrog sulfur thiab rhuab. Qhov no ua rau muaj cov khoom dub. Tom qab ntawd nws yog sublimated thiab condensed. Thiab txoj kev ntub dej tau sim rov qab rau xyoo pua 18th. Hauv qhov no, mercury thiab sulfur yog av nrog dej thiab tov nrog caustic soda. Tom qab complex manipulationsliab mercury sulfide tau txais. Tab sis nws tsis ruaj khov thiab tig dub hauv lub teeb.
Cov txheej txheem kom tau txais cov khoom siv cinnabar yog qhov txaus ntshai heev rau tib neeg, raws li nws tau nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm cov tshuaj lom mercury. Yog li ntawd, nws tsuas yog ua tau nyob rau hauv lub chaw kuaj mob raws li txoj cai kev nyab xeeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv cinnabar yog tias nws tuaj yeem ua xiav lossis yuav luag dub dhau sijhawm. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xim txheej.
Kev phom sij ntawm cov khoom no
Mercury yog cov hlau uas muaj tshuaj lom heev. Thiab cinnabar kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj mob hnyav, vim nws tuaj yeem tso cov mercury vapor txawm nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj. Thiab qhov no yog cov tshuaj muaj zog tshaj plaws neurotoxic. Nws cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb, lub paj hlwb, tsis zoo rau lub raum thiab lub siab. Mercury vapor tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw thiab tuaj yeem ua rau lub ntsws puas yog tias nqus tau. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev txaus ntshai, mercury belongs rau thawj chav kawm ntawv - rau cov tshuaj txaus ntshai tshaj plaws. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg raug tshuaj lom, convulsions, poob ntawm rhiab heev, tuag tes tuag taw ntawm cov chaw tseem ceeb, kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub plawv ua hauj lwm, hallucinations thiab tuag tshwm sim.
YMercury sulfide daim ntawv thov
Cinnabar yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm mercury. Tab sis nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, cov ntxhia no tau siv raws li ib tug kaj ntuj xim. Cinnabar tau siv los ua cov xim pleev xim rau cov cim, kos cov ntawv loj hauv phau Vajlugkub, thiab ua khoom plig. Nyob rau hauv icon painting, nws yog feem ntau siv raws li ib tug xim txawm tam sim no. Tab sis nyob rau hauv secular painting txij li thaum lub xyoo pua puv 19, nws tau hloov los ntawm kev nyab xeeb cadmium xim. Ntxiv mus, mus txogKev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob, mercury sulfide tau siv los ua kev kho mob syphilis, tshuaj tua kab mob thiab laxative.
Tam sim no mercury muab rho tawm los ntawm cinnabar yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam:
- hauv kev tsim cov ntsuas kub;
- hauv hluav taws xob engineering;
- rau cov roj fluorescent;
- rau kev tsim cov ntsuas ntsuas;
- thaum ua iav;
- rau soldering ntau hlau thiab kub mining;
- hauv tshuaj, piv txwv li, khaws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv;
- rov qab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nws yog ib feem ntawm kev kho hniav;
- alloys ntawm mercury nrog lwm cov hlau yog dav siv hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub;
- as a fungicide in Agriculture.
