Manganic acid yog ib qho inorganic tsis ruaj khov nrog cov mis HMnO 4. Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis meej pem nrog lwm yam khoom, vim nws muaj lub teeb ci, khaus ntshav-liab xim.
Qhov no yog ib qho muaj zog electrolyte uas molecules (hluav taws xob nruab nrab hais) yuav luag tag nrho dissociated rau hauv ions. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nws muaj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem, vim hais tias nws tsis tau txais raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib yam khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, koj tuaj yeem qhia txog tag nrho nws cov yam ntxwv hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv.
tshuaj muaj zog
Hauv cov kua, manganese acid maj mam decomposes. Cov txheej txheem no yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm oxygen (chalcogen, reactive non-metal).
Vim li ntawd, cov dej nag los ntawm manganese dioxide raug tsim. Qhov no yog qhov txheej txheem no zoo li nrog kev koom tes ntawm manganese acid hauv cov mis: 4HMnO4 → 4MnO2↓+3O2↑+ 2N2O.
Qhov sib xyaw ua ke yog MnO2. Tsaus xim av hmoov uas yog insoluble hauv dej. Nws yog qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws ntawm manganese, uas yog cov pab pawg ntawm cov hlau ferrous.
Tsis tas li, cov lus nug hauv cov lus nug nthuav tawm cov yam ntxwv uas muaj rau cov kua qaub muaj zog. Hauv particular, nws nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab - nws cuam tshuam nrog alkalis, tsim cov ntsev thiab dej. Raws li txoj cai, cov txheej txheem zoo li no yog exometric, uas yog, lawv tau nrog los ntawm kev tso cua sov. Nov yog ib qho piv txwv: HMnO4 + NaOH → NaMnO4 +H2O.
Nws tseem tsim nyog hais tias permanganic acid, zoo li nws cov permanganates (s alts), yog tus muaj zog oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev, tus txais hluav taws xob. Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv qhia txog qhov no: 2HMnO4 + 14HCl → 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2↑+ 8H 2O.
Lub cev muaj zog
Raws li tau hais ua ntej, permanganic acid, cov qauv duab uas tau qhia saum toj no, tsis tau muab los ntawm nws daim ntawv ntshiab. Qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv cov tshuaj aqueous nrog cov yam ntxwv ci lilac xim tsis tshaj 20%.
Cov khoom no yog qhov kub thiab txias. Yog tias nws qis dua 20 ° C, tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj tsim cov crystalline hydrate - cov khoom uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cations (positively charged ions) thiab dej molecules. Nws cov qauv yog: HMnO4 ⋅ 2H2O. Ionic qauv: (H 5 O 2)+ (MnO 4)–.
Tseem, hais txogLub cev muaj zog ntawm permanganic acid, nws tsim nyog sau cia nws cov molar loj. Nws yog 119.94 g / mol.
tsim cov kua qaub
Feem ntau cov tshuaj no tau txais los ntawm kev ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ob lub tebchaw - dilute sulfuric acid thiab kev daws ntawm barium permanganate, ib qho khoom muaj tshuaj lom neeg. Yog li ntawd, ib qho insoluble precipitate ntawm nws sulfate precipitates. Tab sis nws raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev lim dej. It looks like this: Va (MnO4) + H2SO4 → 2HMnO4 + BaSO4↓.
Muaj lwm txoj hauv kev kom tau cov kua qaub no. Nws yog raws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm dej thiab manganese oxide tshwm sim hauv qhov txias. Qhov no, los ntawm txoj kev, yog ib tug oily kua uas tuaj nyob rau hauv ob ntxoov (xim av-ntsuab los yog scarlet). Txawm li cas los xij, yuav muaj xim hlau zoo nkauj. Nws ruaj khov ntawm chav tsev kub. Thiab thaum ua ke nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, nws ignites lawv, feem ntau nrog kev tawg. Yog li, cov qauv tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no: Mn2O7 + H2O → 2HMnO 4.
Dioxide yam ntxwv
Cov khoom no, uas tau hais los saum toj no, pom muaj ntau hauv ntiaj teb pob zeb. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ntxhia hu ua pyrolusite. Feem ntau yog dub lossis steel grey. Nws cov muaju yog me me, columnar lossis koob-puab. Cov ntxhia muaj cov khoom nram qab no:
- Piezoelectric. Manifested nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim ntawm dielectric polarization - qhov kev hloov ntawm bound nqi nyob rau hauv nws los yog kev sib hloov ntawm hluav taws xob dipoles.
- Semiconductor. Manifested raws li qhov nce hauv hluav taws xob conductivity nrog nce kub.
Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias cov dioxide yog soluble hauv hydrochloric acid, uas yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm chlorine.
YSiv pyrolusite
Electrolytic manganese dioxide tau pom dav siv hauv kev tsim cov roj teeb thiab cov galvanic cells - cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no, feem ntau yog raws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob hlau lossis lawv cov oxides hauv electrolyte. Kuj tseem siv tau rau:
- Tsim cov catalysts - tshuaj uas ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai, tab sis tsis yog ib feem ntawm nws. Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag yog hopkalit. Lawv sau cov cartridges ntxiv rau lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg los tiv thaiv carbon monoxide.
- Kev tsim cov tshuaj xws li manganese ntsev thiab poov tshuaj permanganate - tsaus liab doog, yuav luag dub crystals, uas, thaum yaj nyob rau hauv dej, ua rau tsim ib tug kaj crimson kua. Formula - KMnO4.
- Dis xim ntawm cov tsom iav ntsuab.
- Kev tsim cov roj thiab cov kua roj vanish hauv kev lag luam xim thiab kua roj vanish.
- Kev hnav khaub ncaws chrome tawv hauv kev lag luam tawv.
Nco ntsoov, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab tias cov khoom pyrolusite los ntawm lub qhov tsua Peche de Laze nyob rau sab qab teb Fabkis yog tsim los ntawm cov ntshiab manganese dioxide. Nws ntseeg tau tias Neanderthals, uas nyob 350-600 txhiab xyoo dhau los, siv nws los ua ib qho catalyst thiab oxidizer rau combustion thiab oxidation tshua.
YPermanganate (poov tshuaj permanganate)
Ntau tus neeg paub txog cov khoom no. Txawm li cas los xij, onws daim ntawv thov - me ntsis tom qab. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias nws yog nrog kev pab ntawm permanganate uas ntau OVR ntawm manganese acid (oxidation-txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) ua.
Qhov no yog vim nws cov tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb. Nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas hydrogen (pH) ntawm kev daws teeb meem los ntawm permanganate, ntau yam khoom tuaj yeem raug oxidized, nrog txo qis rau cov tebchaw ntawm ntau lub xeev oxidation.
Muaj ntau yam piv txwv. Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic, yuav txo tau manganese (II) tebchaw yuav tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab ib puag ncig nws yuav sib npaug zos rau (IV), thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj zog alkaline ib puag ncig - (VI). Nov yog qhov nws zoo li:
- Acidic: 2KMnO4 +5K2SO3 + 3H 2SO4 → 6K2SO4 + 2MnSO 4 +3N2O.
- B neutral: 2KMnO4 + 3K2SO3 + H 2O → 3K2SO4 + 2MnO2 + 2KOH.
- B alkaline: 2KMnO4 + K2SO3 + 2KOH → K 2SO4 + 2K2MnO4 + H 2Oh. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no tshwm sim nrog ib tug tsis muaj ib tug txo tus neeg sawv cev thiab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm heev concentrated alkali. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no qeeb hydrolysis.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov khoom tawg ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov concentrated sulfuric acid. Tab sis yog tias permanganate ua tib zoo ua ke nrog cov tshuaj txias no, tsis ruaj khov manganese oxide yog tsim.
Kev siv cov poov tshuaj permanganate
Cov tshuaj permanganate hauv nqe lus nug muajmuaj zog antiseptic kev ua. Tshwj xeeb yog siv dav hauv cov tshuaj yog dilute cov kev daws teeb meem nrog qhov concentration ntawm 0.1%, uas kuv siv los kho qhov kub hnyiab, gargle thiab ntxuav qhov txhab. Nws kuj yog ib qho zoo emetic rau lom nrog alkonides xws li aconitine thiab morphine. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, siv ib tug tsawg concentrated tov, diluted rau 0.02-0.1%.
Pharmacological kev txiav txim yog atypical. Thaum cov tshuaj nkag mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov organic, atomic oxygen raug tso tawm. Cov oxide, uas yog ib feem ntawm nws, tsim cov tebchaw xws li albuminates nrog cov proteins. Nyob rau hauv me me concentrations, lawv muaj ib tug astringent nyhuv, thiab nyob rau hauv loj concentration, lawv yog irritating, tanning thiab cauterizing. Yog li ntawd, qhov kawg tshwm sim nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas cov permanganate ntawm permanganic acid yog diluted - muaj zog los yog qaug zog.
Lwm daim ntawv thov
Potassium permanganate yog ib yam khoom uas nquag siv hauv ntau qhov chaw. Ntxiv rau cov tshuaj, nws muaj kev koom tes:
- Thaum ntxuav chav kuaj iav. Zoo heev rau tshem tawm cov rog thiab cov organic teeb meem.
- Nyob rau hauv pyrotechnics ua tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing.
- Thaum txiav txim siab permanganate oxidizability hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntsuas dej zoo raws li GOST 2761-84 (Kubel method).
- Thaum toning duab.
- Rau ntoo pickling. Cov kua siv los ua cov stain (ib yam khoom uas muab xim).
- Rau kev pheej hmoo tshem tawm tattoo. Cov kua kub hnyiab ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab cov ntaub so ntswg nrog cov xim tuag. Nws mob thiab tej caws pliav tseem nyob.
- B asoxidizing tus neeg sawv cev nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim ntawm para- thiab metaphthalic acids.
Thaum kawg, kuv xav kom tso tseg tias poov tshuaj permanganate suav nrog hauv plaub daim ntawv teev npe ua ntej ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Lavxias.
