Nyob mus ib txhis, tsis paub, cosmic, cov khoom ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej - tag nrho cov no thiab ntau lwm yam epithets raug xa mus rau titanium hauv ntau qhov chaw. Keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm cov hlau no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb: tib lub sijhawm, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev cais cov khoom hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm thaj chaw ntawm nws daim ntawv thov tseem tsis tau ua tiav rau hnub tim. Titanium yog cov hlau ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej, nws qhov chaw hauv tib neeg lub neej tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab thaum kawg, uas ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub muaj peev xwm loj rau kev muaj tswv yim thiab kev tshawb fawb.
yam ntxwv
Cov tshuaj lom neeg titanium (Titanium) yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm D. I. Mendeleev los ntawm lub cim Ti. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg thib ob ntawm pawg IV ntawm lub sijhawm plaub thiab muaj serial tooj 22. Cov khoom siv yooj yim titanium yog cov hlau dawb-nyiaj, lub teeb thiab ruaj khov. Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom muaj cov qauv hauv qab no: +22) 2) 8) 10) 2, 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S23P63d24S 2. Raws li, titanium muaj ntau lub xeev oxidation: 2,3, 4, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj ruaj khov tshaj plaws nws yog tetravalent.
Titanium - alloy lossis hlau?
Cov lus nug no txaus siab ntau. Xyoo 1910, American chemist Hunter tau txais thawj titanium ntshiab. Cov hlau tsuas muaj 1% ntawm impurities, tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nws cov nyiaj tau los ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsis ua rau nws tuaj yeem kawm ntxiv txog nws cov khoom. Lub plasticity ntawm cov khoom tau ua tiav tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias; nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj mob (chav kub), cov qauv yog tsis yooj yim heev. Qhov tseeb, lub caij no tsis txaus siab rau cov kws tshawb fawb, txij li qhov kev cia siab rau nws siv zoo li tsis paub tseeb. Qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tau txais thiab kev tshawb fawb ntxiv txo qhov peev xwm rau nws daim ntawv thov. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1925, chemists los ntawm Netherlands I. de Boer thiab A. Van Arkel tau txais titanium hlau, cov khoom uas nyiam cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg tsim qauv thoob ntiaj teb. Keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub caij no pib nyob rau hauv 1790, raws nraim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no, nyob rau hauv parallel, ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm ib leeg, ob tug kws tshawb fawb pom titanium raws li ib tug tshuaj. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau txais cov khoom sib xyaw (oxide) ntawm cov khoom, tsis cais cov hlau hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv. Tus discoverer ntawm titanium yog lus Askiv mineralogist hauj sam William Gregor. Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm nws pawg ntseeg, nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Askiv, tus kws tshawb fawb hluas tau pib kawm cov xuab zeb dub ntawm Menaken Valley. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sim nrog cov hlau nplaum yog qhov tso tawm ntawm ci iab nplej, uas yog titanium compound. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth cais cov khoom tshiab los ntawm cov ntxhia.rutile. Nyob rau hauv 1797, nws kuj tau ua pov thawj tias cov ntsiab lus qhib nyob rau hauv parallel yog zoo sib xws. Titanium dioxide tau ua qhov tsis meej rau ntau tus kws tshuaj rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo, thiab txawm Berzelius tsis tuaj yeem tau txais cov hlau ntshiab. Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau ua kom nrawm rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm cov ntsiab lus hais thiab txiav txim siab thawj cov lus qhia rau nws siv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thaj tsam ntawm daim ntawv thov yog txuas mus ntxiv. Tsuas yog qhov nyuaj ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tau txais cov khoom zoo li cov titanium ntshiab tuaj yeem txwv nws txoj haujlwm. Tus nqi ntawm cov hlau thiab hlau yog siab heev, yog li niaj hnub no nws tsis tuaj yeem hloov cov hlau thiab txhuas.
Menakin - thawj lub npe rau titanium, uas tau siv txog xyoo 1795. Qhov ntawd yog li cas, los ntawm kev koom nrog thaj chaw, W. Gregor hu ua lub caij tshiab. Martin Klaproth muab lub ntsiab lub npe "titanium" nyob rau hauv 1797. Lub sijhawm no, nws cov npoj yaig Fab Kis, coj los ntawm tus kws tshuaj muaj npe nrov A. L. Lavoisier, tau thov kom hu cov tshuaj uas tau tshawb pom tshiab raws li lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb. Tus kws tshawb fawb German tsis pom zoo nrog txoj hauv kev no, nws ntseeg tau tias nyob rau theem kev tshawb pom nws nyuaj rau txiav txim siab txhua tus yam ntxwv muaj nyob hauv ib yam khoom thiab xav txog lawv lub npe. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum raug lees paub tias lub sij hawm intuitively xaiv los ntawm Klaproth tag nrho sib haum mus rau cov hlau - qhov no tau rov hais dua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no. Muaj ob txoj kev xav tseem ceeb rau lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub npe titanium. Cov hlau tuaj yeem raug xaiv los ntawm kev hwm ntawm elven huab tais Titania(Tus cwj pwm ntawm Germanic mythology). Lub npe no symbolizes lub lightness thiab lub zog ntawm cov khoom. Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau xav siv cov version ntawm kev siv cov Greek mythology thaum ub, uas cov tub muaj zog ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm lub ntiaj teb Gaia hu ua titans. Lub npe ntawm cov khoom uas tau pom yav dhau los, uranium, kuj hais txog qhov kev pom zoo ntawm cov qauv no.
Nyob hauv ntuj
Ntawm cov hlau uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg, titanium yog qhov thib plaub tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb pob zeb. Tsuas yog hlau, magnesium thiab txhuas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm feem pua ntawm cov xwm txheej loj. Cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws ntawm titanium tau sau tseg hauv lub plhaub bas alt, me ntsis tsawg dua hauv txheej granite. Hauv dej hiav txwv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj no tsawg - kwv yees li 0.001 mg / l. Cov tshuaj titanium yog cov nquag nquag, yog li nws tsis tuaj yeem pom hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab. Feem ntau, nws yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov tebchaw nrog oxygen, thaum nws muaj ib tug valency ntawm plaub. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov titanium-muaj cov ntxhia sib txawv ntawm 63 mus rau 75 (hauv ntau qhov chaw), thaum nyob rau theem tam sim no ntawm kev tshawb fawb, cov kws tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv mus nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm nws cov tebchaw. Rau kev siv tswv yim, cov zaub mov hauv qab no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws:
- Ilmenite (FeTiO3).
- Rutile (TiO2).
- Titanit (CaTiSiO5).
- Perovskite (CaTiO3).
- Titanomagnetite (FeTiO3+Fe3O4) thiab lwm yam.
Tag nrho cov titanium cov kabmob uas twb muaj lawm tau muab faib uaalluvial thiab yooj yim. Lub caij no yog cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw tsis muaj zog, nws tuaj yeem taug kev tsuas yog hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pob zeb tawg lossis txav cov pob zeb hauv qab silty. Hauv biosphere, qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm titanium pom nyob rau hauv algae. Nyob rau hauv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm terrestrial fauna, lub caij accumulates nyob rau hauv lub horny ntaub so ntswg, plaub hau. Tib neeg lub cev yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj cov titanium nyob rau hauv tus po, qog adrenal, placenta, thyroid caj pas.
Lub cev muaj zog
Titanium yog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau nrog cov xim dawb-dawb uas zoo li hlau. Ntawm qhov kub ntawm 0 0 C, nws qhov ceev yog 4.517 g / cm3. Cov khoom muaj lub ntiajteb txawj nqus tsis tshua muaj, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau alkali hlau (cadmium, sodium, lithium, cesium). Hais txog qhov ntom ntom, titanium nyob hauv qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov hlau thiab txhuas, thaum nws qhov kev ua tau zoo siab dua li ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau uas raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum txiav txim siab ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov yog lub zog tawm los thiab hardness. Titanium yog 12 npaug zog dua txhuas, 4 npaug zog dua hlau thiab tooj liab, thaum sib dua. Lub plasticity ntawm cov khoom ntshiab thiab nws cov yield zog ua rau nws ua tau nyob rau hauv qis thiab siab kub, xws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lwm yam hlau, i.e., los ntawm riveting, forging, vuam, dov. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm titanium yog nws cov thermal conductivity tsawg thiab hluav taws xob, thaum cov khoom no tau khaws cia ntawm qhov kub siab, mus txog 500 0С. Nyob rau hauv lub magnetic teb, titanium yog ib tug paramagnetic yam, nws tsisyog attracted zoo li hlau, thiab tsis raug thawb tawm zoo li tooj liab. Kev ua tau zoo heev los tiv thaiv corrosion nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig txhoj puab heev thiab nyob rau hauv txhua yam kev ntxhov siab yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Ntau tshaj 10 xyoo nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv tsis hloov qhov tsos thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm titanium phaj. Hlau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav puas tag los ntawm corrosion.
Thermodynamic zog ntawm titanium
- Density (raws li ib txwm muaj) yog 4.54g/cm3.
- Tus lej atomic yog 22.
- Metal group - refractory, light.
- Lub atomic loj ntawm titanium yog 47.0.
- Boiling point (0С) – 3260.
- Molar ntim cm3/mol – 10, 6.
- Titanium melting point (0С) – 1668.
- Kev kub ntawm vaporization (kJ/mol) – 422, 6.
- Electrical resistance (ntawm 20 0С) Ohmcm10-6 – 45.
tshuaj muaj zog
Qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntau ntxiv ntawm cov khoom yog vim tsim cov oxide zaj duab xis me me rau ntawm qhov chaw. Nws tiv thaiv (nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj) tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov pa roj (oxygen, hydrogen) nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig cua ntawm cov khoom xws li titanium hlau. Nws cov khoom hloov pauv raws li qhov kub thiab txias. Thaum nws nce mus txog 600 0 С, kev cuam tshuam nrog oxygen tshwm sim, ua rau tsim cov titanium oxide (TiO2). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev nqus ntawm atmospheric gases, nkig tebchaw yog tsim uas tsis muaj kev siv, uas yog vim li cas welding thiab melting ntawm titanium yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev. rov qab cov tshuaj tiv thaivyog cov txheej txheem ntawm hydrogen dissolution nyob rau hauv cov hlau, nws tshwm sim ntau nquag nrog ib tug nce nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias (los ntawm 400 0 С thiab siab dua). Titanium, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws cov khoom me me (nyias phaj lossis hlau), kub hnyiab hauv cov cua nitrogen. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tsuas yog ua tau ntawm qhov kub ntawm 700 0С, ua rau tsim ntawm TiN nitride. Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj heev nrog ntau cov hlau, feem ntau yog cov khoom siv alloying. Nws reacts nrog halogens (chromium, bromine, iodine) tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst (siab kub) thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog ib tug qhuav tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, heev nyuaj refractory alloys yog tsim. Nrog cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm feem ntau alkalis thiab acids, titanium yog tshuaj tsis muaj zog, tshwj tsis yog cov concentrated sulfuric (nrog rau lub sijhawm boiling), hydrofluoric, kub organic (formic, oxalic).
Nyiaj
Ilmenite ores yog qhov ntau tshaj plaws hauv cov xwm txheej - lawv cov peev txheej kwv yees li ntawm 800 lab tons. Cov deposits ntawm rutile deposits yog ntau npaum li cas me me, tab sis tag nrho cov ntim - thaum tswj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau lawm - yuav tsum muab rau noob neej rau 120 xyoo tom ntej nrog xws li ib tug hlau li titanium. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tiav yuav nyob ntawm qhov xav tau thiab nce qib ntawm kev tsim khoom, tab sis qhov nruab nrab nws txawv ntawm 1200 txog 1800 rubles / kg. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm tas li, tus nqi ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom raug txo qis nrog lawv cov kev hloov kho raws sijhawm. Tuam Tshoj thiab Russia muaj cov khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm titanium ores, nrog rau cov ntxhiaNyiv, South Africa, Australia, Kazakhstan, Is Nrias teb, Kaus Lim Qab Teb, Ukraine, Ceylon muaj cov khoom siv raw. Cov deposits txawv nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm ntau lawm thiab cov feem pua ntawm titanium nyob rau hauv cov ore, geological kev tshawb fawb yog tsis tu ncua, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm xav tias yuav txo tau nyob rau hauv lub lag luam tus nqi ntawm cov hlau thiab nws dav siv. Russia yog nyob deb ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm titanium.
Tau txais
Rau kev tsim cov titanium, titanium dioxide feem ntau yog siv, muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm impurities. Nws yog tau los ntawm enrichment ntawm ilmenite concentrates los yog rutile ores. Nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob arc rauv, kev kho cua sov ntawm cov ore tshwm sim, uas yog nrog los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm hlau thiab tsim ntawm slag uas muaj titanium oxide. Txoj kev sulfate los yog chloride yog siv los ua cov hlau tsis muaj feem. Titanium oxide yog hmoov grey (saib daim duab). Titanium hlau yog tau los ntawm nws cov theem ua tiav.
Thawj theem yog cov txheej txheem ntawm sintering slag nrog coke thiab raug rau chlorine vapor. Qhov tshwm sim TiCl4 txo nrog magnesium lossis sodium thaum raug kub ntawm 850 0C. Titanium daim txhuam cev (porous fused mass), tau los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj, yog refined los yog melted rau hauv ingots. Nyob ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntxiv ntawm kev siv, ib qho hlau lossis hlau ntshiab yog tsim (impurities raug tshem tawm los ntawm cua sov mus rau 1000 0 С). Rau kev tsim cov tshuaj nrog cov ntsiab lus impurity ntawm 0.01%, txoj kev iodide yog siv. Nws yog nyob ntawm tus txheej txheemevaporation los ntawm titanium daim txhuam cev ua ntej kho nrog halogen, nws cov vapors.
thaj chaw thov
Lub melting point ntawm titanium yog heev siab, uas, muab lub lightness ntawm cov hlau, yog ib tug invaluable kom zoo dua ntawm kev siv nws raws li cov khoom siv. Yog li ntawd, nws pom qhov zoo tshaj plaws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv shipbuilding, aviation kev lag luam, tsim cov foob pob ua ntxaij, thiab tshuaj industries. Titanium feem ntau yog siv los ua ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau yam alloys, uas muaj zog hardness thiab kub tsis kam. High anti-corrosion zog thiab lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv feem ntau aggression ib puag ncig ua rau cov hlau no indispensable rau kev lag luam tshuaj. Titanium (nws cov alloys) yog siv los ua cov kav dej, tso tsheb hlau luam, cov khoom siv, cov lim dej siv rau hauv cov distillation thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm cov kua qaub thiab lwm yam tshuaj lom neeg. Nws yog nyob rau hauv kev thov thaum tsim cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov ntsuas kub siab. Titanium compounds yog siv los ua cov cuab yeej txiav, cov xim, cov yas thiab ntawv, cov cuab yeej phais, cov khoom cog, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov khoom tiav, thiab siv hauv kev lag luam khoom noj. Tag nrho cov lus qhia nyuaj piav qhia. Cov tshuaj niaj hnub no, vim yog ua tiav kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev noj qab haus huv, feem ntau siv titanium hlau. Nqe yog tib yam uas kom deb li deb cuam tshuam qhov dav ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm lub caij no. Nws yog qhov ncaj ncees hais tias titanium yog cov khoom ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej, los ntawm kev kawm uas tib neeg yuav dhau musmus rau theem tshiab ntawm kev loj hlob.
