Ammonia dej: tau txais, formula, thov

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

tsis muaj xim tsis muaj roj nrog cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab ammonia NH ₃ tsis tsuas yog yaj zoo hauv dej nrog kev tso cua sov. Cov tshuaj nquag cuam tshuam nrog H₂O molecules los tsim cov alkali tsis muaj zog. Cov tshuaj tau txais ntau lub npe, ib qho ntawm lawv yog ammonia dej. Cov compound muaj cov khoom zoo heev, uas yog txoj kev tsim, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg.

Tsim cov ammonium ion

Cov mis rau ammonia dej yog NH₄OH. Cov khoom muaj cov cation NH_4⁺, uas yog tsim los ntawm non-metals - nitrogen thiab hydrogen. N atoms hauv ammonia molecule siv tsuas yog 3 ntawm 5 txheej electrons los tsim covalent polar bonds, thiab ib khub tseem tsis tau lees paub. Nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj zog polarized dej molecule, hydrogen protons H⁺ yog qaug zog ua ke rau oxygen, ib tug ntawm lawv dhau los ua ib tug pub dawb ntawm ib tug dawb electron khub ntawm nitrogen (acceptor).

Ib qho ammonium ion yog tsim nrog ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo thiab ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm covalent daim ntawv cog lus tsis muaj zog - tus neeg txais khoom plig. Hauv nws qhov loj me, them nqi, thiab qee qhov nta, nws zoo lipotassium cation thiab coj zoo li alkali hlau. Chemically txawv txawv, cov compound reacts nrog acids thiab ua cov ntsev ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb. Cov npe uas cuam tshuam txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tau txais thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom:

• dej ammonia;
• ammonium hydroxide;
• ammonia hydrate;
• caustic ammonium.

Kev Tiv Thaiv

Kev saib xyuas yuav tsum tau ua thaum ua haujlwm nrog ammonia thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig. Tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov:

1. Ammonia dej muaj ntxhiab tsw tsw. Cov roj tso tawm ua rau lub qhov txhab ntawm qhov ntswg, qhov muag, ua rau hnoos.
2. Thaum ammonia khaws cia hauv cov vials kaw, ampoules tso ammonia.
3. Yuav kuaj tau yam tsis muaj cuab yeej, tsuas yog hnov tsw, txawm tias me me ntawm cov pa hauv cov kua thiab cua.
4. Qhov piv ntawm molecules thiab cations hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm pH sib txawv.
5. Ntawm tus nqi kwv yees li 7, qhov concentration ntawm cov pa tshuaj lom NH txo qis +

Kev tsim cov ammonium hydroxide. Lub cev muaj zog

Thaum ammonia dissolves hauv dej, ammonia dej tsim. Cov mis ntawm cov tshuaj no yog NH₄OH, tab sis qhov tseeb ions muaj nyob rau tib lub sijhawm

NH₄⁺, OH^–, NH_{3 molecules} and H₂O. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ion pauv ntawm ammonia thiab dej, ib tug equilibrium lub xeev yog tsim. Cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem pomNrog kev pab los ntawm daim duab qhia qhov taw qhia cov xub taw qhia qhov thim rov qab ntawm qhov tshwm sim.

Hauv chav kuaj, tau txais cov dej ammonia yog ua hauv kev sim nrog cov tshuaj nitrogen. Thaum ammonia tov nrog dej, cov kua ntshiab, tsis muaj xim yog tau. Nyob rau hauv high pressures, lub solubility ntawm cov roj nce. Dej tso tawm ntau ammonia yaj nyob rau hauv nws thaum kub nce. Rau kev xav tau kev lag luam thiab kev ua liaj ua teb ntawm kev lag luam, 25% cov khoom yog tau los ntawm kev ua kom ammonia. Qhov thib ob txoj kev suav nrog kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm coke qhov cub nrog dej.

tshuaj lom neeg ntawm ammonium hydroxide

Thaum ob cov kua dej sib cuag - ammonia dej thiab hydrochloric acid - lawv tau npog nrog cov pa luam yeeb dawb. Nws muaj cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - ammonium chloride. Nrog rau cov khoom tsis haum xws li hydrochloric acid, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim hauv huab cua.

Me ntsis alkaline ammonia hydrate tshuaj muaj zog:

1. Cov tshuaj reversibly dissociates hauv dej los ua ib qho ammonium cation thiab hydroxide ion.
2. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm NH ion₄⁺ cov tshuaj tsis muaj xim ntawm phenolphthalein tig crimson, xws li alkalis.
3. A neutralization tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog acids ua rau tsim ammonium ntsev thiab dej: NH₄OH + HCl=NH ₄Cl + H ₂O.
4. Ammonia dej nkag mus rau hauv ion pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hlau ntsev, uas sib haum rau cov hauv paus tsis muaj zog, thiab dej-insoluble hydroxide yog tsim:2NH₄OH + CuCl₂=2NH₄Cl + Cu(OH) ₂ (xiav sediment).

Ammonia dej: daim ntawv thov hauv ntau yam kev lag luam

Cov khoom siv tsis zoo yog siv dav hauv lub neej txhua hnub, kev ua liaj ua teb, tshuaj, kev lag luam. Technical ammonia hydrate yog siv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, tsim cov dej qab zib tshauv, dyes thiab lwm yam khoom. Cov kua chiv muaj nitrogen nyob rau hauv daim ntawv yooj yim digestible los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Cov khoom no suav hais tias yog qhov pheej yig tshaj plaws thiab zoo tshaj plaws rau kev cog qoob loo ua ntej rau tag nrho cov qoob loo.

Kev tsim cov dej ammonia raug nqi peb zaug tsawg dua li kev tsim cov khoom granular nitrogen chiv. Hermetically kaw lub tank yog siv los khaws cia thiab thauj cov kua. Qee hom plaub hau dyes thiab tshuaj dawb yog tsim los ntawm caustic ammonium. Txhua lub tsev kho mob muaj kev npaj nrog ammonia - 10% ammonia tov.

Ammonium ntsev: cov khoom thiab cov nqi siv tau

Cov khoom uas tau txais los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ammonium hydroxide nrog cov kua qaub yog siv hauv kev lag luam. Cov ntsev decompose thaum rhuab, yaj hauv dej, undergo hydrolysis. Lawv nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog alkalis thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Ammonium chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, phosphates thiab carbonates ntawm ammonium tau txais cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

NyobNws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ua raws li cov cai thiab kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov tshuaj uas muaj cov ammonium ion. Thaum khaws cia rau hauv warehouses ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev ua liaj ua teb cov lag luam, nyob rau hauv cov chaw ua liaj ua teb, yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj kev sib cuag ntawm cov tebchaw xws li txiv qaub thiab alkalis. Yog tias cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj ntawm cov pob khoom tawg, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj yuav pib nrog kev tso tawm cov pa phem. Txhua tus neeg uas yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm nrog dej ammonia thiab nws cov ntsev yuav tsum paub txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm chemistry. Cov khoom siv yuav tsis ua mob rau tib neeg lossis ib puag ncig yog tias muaj kev nyab xeeb raws li qhov xav tau.