Hauv Lavxias muaj peb lo lus uas zoo ib yam - gels, jellies thiab jellies. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv loj ntawm lawv hauv cov qauv, tab sis cov ntsiab lus no tau siv rau hauv kev ua haujlwm sib txawv. Lub sij hawm "gel" feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv chemistry los yog nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov tshuaj thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce, "jelly" - nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus, tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv chemistry, "jelly" - nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus thiab cosmetology. Cia peb kawm seb cov gels yog dab tsi thiab lawv siv tau li cas.
Lub tswvyim ntawm "gel"
Lo lus "gel" yog Latin keeb kwm. Gelo hauv kev txhais lus txhais tau tias " khov", gelatus txhais tau tias "tsis txav, khov."
Lub tswv yim yog txhais los ntawm colloid chemistry, kev tshawb fawb uas kawm cov tshuab tawg thiab qhov tshwm sim saum npoo.
Dab tsi yog gel hais txog chemistry? Gel yog xws li ib tug dispersed system nrog ib tug dispersion nruab nrab nyob rau hauv uastheem particles tsim ib daim phiaj spatial structural. Cov gel muaj tsawg kawg yog ob yam khoom.
YGel-colloidal system
Dispersed systems yog cov uas nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm ib yam khoom yog uniformly faib ntawm hais ntawm lwm yam khoom. Hauv cov kab ke no, lawv paub qhov txawv:
- dispersion nruab nrab - cov khoom nyob rau hauv uas faib tshwm sim,
- dispersed theem - ib yam khoom uas nws cov khoom faib tawm.
Dispersion system, piv txwv li, yog huab. Ntawm no, qhov nruab nrab dispersion yog gaseous, huab cua plays nws lub luag hauj lwm, thiab lub dispersed theem yog kua, nws yog dej hais nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Muaj ntau ntau yam piv txwv ntawm dispersed systems. Tag nrho cov tshuab no txawv nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm aggregation ntawm theem thiab nruab nrab, nrog rau cov degree ntawm fineness ntawm cov theem hais. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm theem refinement - rau ib tus neeg molecules - yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb kev daws teeb meem. Ntawm no tsis muaj qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom - cov molecules ntawm theem thiab nruab nrab. Cov tshuab no hu ua homogeneous, lawv ruaj khov. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseeb: sulfuric acid tov, huab cua, dej hiav txwv, cam khwb cia hlau.
Hauv cov tshuab ntxhib, qhov loj me yog ntau dua 100 nm, cov no yog cov khoom loj uas tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov muag liab qab. Ib qho kev sib txuas tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom ntawm theem thiab nruab nrab; yog li ntawd, cov tshuab no hu ua heterogeneous, lawv tsis ruaj khov thiab stratify lub sijhawm. Piv txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntxhib: av chalk hauv dej, tshuaj ntxuav tes, tshuaj txhuam hniav, tshuaj txhuam hniav, roj zaub hauv dej, mis nyuj.
Particles ntawm theem xws li qhov loj ntawm 1 txog 100 nm daim ntawv colloidal daws. Cov tshuab no muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb uas tsis yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem tiag tiag thiab cov tshuab ntxhib. Colloidal cov kev daws teeb meem yog microheterogeneous theej ruaj khov tshuab; lawv cov khoom tsis nyob rau lub sijhawm raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Piv txwv li: aqueous colloids ntawm hlau sulfides, sulfur.
Gels tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qib ntawm kev tawg ntawm theem mus rau cov tshuab colloidal.
Aggregate xeev ntawm theem thiab nruab nrab hauv gels
Nyob ntawm lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm qhov nruab nrab dispersion thiab cov txheej txheem dispersed, 8 hom disperse systems yog txawv. Yog hais tias qhov nruab nrab yog ib qho roj, ces cov theem tuaj yeem ua kua (peb twb tau txiav txim siab pos huab) los yog khoom. Piv txwv li, cov pa luam yeeb lossis smog - cov khoom ntawm cov khoom theem tau muab faib rau hauv qhov nruab nrab gaseous. Ob lub tshuab hu ua aerosol.
Yog tias qhov nruab nrab yog cov kua, thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov theem tau muab faib rau hauv nws, ces cov txheej txheem no hu ua sol lossis suspension, nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov khoom. Sols tsim gels nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob.
Raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm chemistry, gels yog cov kab ke sib cais uas qhov nruab nrab dispersion yog ib qho khoom, cov theem dispersed yog kua. Ntawd yog, gel yog lub npe ntawm hom dispersion system nrog rau emulsion, aerosol, ncua kev kawm ntawv, thiab lwm yam.
Gels - cov kev daws teeb meem uas tau poob fluidity
Qee qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj macromolecular thiab cov tshuaj tuaj yeem hloov mus ua gels thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev. IUD lossis sol particles khi rau ib leeg, tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas txuas ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib daim phiajcov kuab tshuaj hais nkag mus. Yog li, qhov nruab nrab dispersion thiab theem dispersed hloov lawv lub luag haujlwm. Cov theem ua tas mus li, thiab cov khoom ntawm qhov nruab nrab yuav raug cais tawm. Yog li, lub kaw lus poob fluidity thiab tau txais cov khoom siv kho tshuab tshiab. gel yog dab tsi? Cov no yog cov tshuab colloidal uas tau poob fluidity vim yog kev tsim cov txheej txheem sab hauv hauv lawv.
Qee cov gels delaminate thaum lub sij hawm, nrog rau cov kua uas tshwm sim. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua syneresis. Muaj kev sib cog lus ntawm lub spatial network, txo qhov ntim ntawm cov gel, tsim cov khoom hu ua colloid.
Qhov tsim ntawm cov khoom colloid los ntawm gel yog ib qho tshwm sim ntawm ntuj tsim. Piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntshav txhaws yog hloov pauv ntawm fibrinogen, ib qho protein uas soluble, mus rau hauv fibrin, ib qho protein ntau insoluble. Nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj mob, ntshav txhaws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem. Syneresis yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev npaj tsev cheese, cheese. Hauv cov xwm txheej no, qhov tshwm sim ntawm syneresis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwm sim no feem ntau yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv, txij li nws txiav txim siab lub neej txee thiab txee lub neej ntawm ntau yam gels - kev kho mob, tshuaj pleev ib ce, zaub mov. Piv txwv li, marmalade thiab soufflé, thaum khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev, pib tso kua thiab ua tsis tau.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov sol rau hauv gel thiab cov gel rau hauv cov khoom colloid yog thim rov qab. Piv txwv li, cov protein gelatin, uas yog cov khoom colloid, thaum o hauv dej, hloov mus rau hauv jelly - gel. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ua raws li qhov ntsuas kub, coj cov gelatin mus rau ib lub rhaub, tab sis tsis txhob boil, txwv tsis pub cov qauv raug rhuav tshem thiab cov gel.hloov mus ua sol, ua kua.
Thaum ziab, cov gels raug rhuav tshem tsis tau.
Kev faib cov gels
Nyob ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm qhov nruab nrab dispersion, gels txawv: hydrogels, alcogels, benzogels, thiab lwm yam. Gels uas tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov kua los yog tag nrho anhydrous yog hu ua xerogels. Xerogel yog cov kua nplaum ntoo hauv cov vuas, cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cov ntawv qhuav gelatin. Complex xerogels yog biscuits, hmoov, crackers.
Qee cov gels muaj cov teeb meem qhuav me ntsis, tab sis tseem muaj cov qauv peb-dimensional. Cov no yog jelly, jelly, yogurt, xab npum daws. Lawv hu ua lyogels.
Xaiv ib pawg coagels. Cov no yog gelatinous precipitates uas tau txais los ntawm coagulating sols (silicic acid, hlau (III) hydroxide, thiab lwm yam) thiab s alting tawm polymer daws. Hauv coagels, qhov nruab nrab dispersion tsim ib ntus cais, tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm qhov nruab nrab yog khi.
Kev siv thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov gels hauv kev kho mob
Gels yog siv hauv tshuaj:
- thaum ua ultrasound thiab kuaj electrographic;
- los tsim cov pob qij txha, ligaments;
- kom tsis txhob los ntshav los ntawm kev txhaws (embolism) ntawm cov hlab ntsha;
- rau pob txha kho;
- tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob gels;
- ua kom sov gels rau qhov mob nyem ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cev musculoskeletal;
- txias gels rau kev raug mob.
ua kom sov gelsnce permeability ntawm capillaries vim yog cov khoom uas ua rau lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg - cov no yog muv thiab nab venom, kua txob extract; methyl salicylate muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsawg dua. Cov khoom no ua rau muaj kev nce hauv cov ntshav txhaws ntawm cov hlab ntsha - hyperemia, yog li ua kom cov cua sov hauv zos nce ntxiv. Tshav kub gels yog siv topically rau ntau yam mob ntawm lub musculoskeletal system - pob qij txha, cov leeg, ligaments, tendons. Lawv siv los txo qhov o, txo qhov mob, ua kom cov ntshav ncig hauv thaj tsam cuam tshuam. Cov gels sov yog siv los ntawm cov neeg ncaws pob ua ntej kev cob qhia los npaj cov leeg. Cov nqaij leeg nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov gel Cheebtsam yog rhuab thiab yog li ntawd tsawg puas thaum lub sij hawm ib ce, uas tiv thaiv sprains thiab raug mob. Kev siv cov gels tom qab kev cob qhia yuav pab txo qis cov leeg thiab qaug zog.
Nrov gels ua kom sov yog raws li:
- kua txob capsaicin lossis nws cov khoom siv hluavtaws - "Finalgon", "Kapsicam";
- venom ntawm muv thiab nab - "Viprosal";
- diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory tshuaj - Diclofenac, Ortofen, Indomethacin.
Thaum siv cov khoom ua kom sov, koj yuav tsum nyeem cov lus qhia rau kev siv gels, coj mus rau hauv tus account contraindications thiab soj ntsuam qhov zaus ntawm kev siv.
Txias Gels
Cov gels sov yuav tsum tsis txhob siv tam sim tom qab raug mob. Lub sijhawm no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov coolants. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj rau luv luv siv dej khov thiabsiv ib tug txias compress. Cov neeg ncaws pob siv cov tshuaj tsuag txias tshwj xeeb. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem thov cov gel txias, piv txwv li nrog menthol. Txias tiv thaiv kev txhim kho ntawm edema thiab o, anesthetizes. Txias yuav tsum tau siv rau thawj hnub tom qab raug mob. Tom qab 2-3 hnub, lawv pib siv cov khoom ua kom sov uas ua rau cov ntshav ntws hauv zos, uas ua rau cov resorption ntawm hematomas.
Kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub zog gel
Chaw tsim tshuaj paus kev kho mob, tshuaj, tshuaj pleev ib ce gels yuav tsum paub lawv hardness. Lub elasticity thiab rupture lub zog ntawm cov gels yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov coronary stents, cov khoom uas yuav tsum zoo ib yam li txhua yam khoom rau cov ntaub so ntswg nyob; Tiv tauj lo ntsiab muag, suppositories, gel lubricants, microbial kab lis kev cai as-ham. Lub zog ntawm gels yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj txhuam hniav, cream, lozenges.
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab lub zog ntawm cov gel raws li Bloom, siv Bloom ntaus ntawv. Nws txiav txim siab lub nra uas yuav tsum tau thawb lub gel nto nrog lub cylindrical nozzle ntawm ib txoj kab uas hla (12.7 hli) mus rau qhov tob ntawm 4 hli.
gel yog dab tsi? Cov no yog cov txheej txheem dispersed uas yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ib qho qauv uas muab lawv cov khoom ntawm cov khib nyiab. Gels muaj tsawg kawg yog ob yam khoom, ib qho ntawm cov khoom txuas ntxiv mus rau lwm qhov. Lawv tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm coagulation ntawm sols. Gels yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov o. Peb cia siab tias yog qhov kev xeem nug koj: "Piav lub tswvyim ntawm "gels"!", koj tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim!
