Txhua tus neeg uas hais lus Lavxias tau yooj yim paub cov lus xws li, piv txwv li, "hais", "khoom noj", "blizzard", thiab yuav tsis tsuas txhais tau lawv, tab sis kuj siv rau qhov raug. daim ntawv hauv cov ntsiab lus. Nws yog cov lus uas hu ua pej xeem, lossis cov lus hauv tebchaws. Tab sis tsis yog txhua leej txhua tus tuaj yeem piav qhia tias "bayat", "brashno", "vyalitsa" yog, tsuas yog ib lub voj voog me me ntawm cov neeg paub cov lus no. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau cov neeg tsis siv cov lus tsis yog sau hauv kev sib tham.
lus txhais lus
Nws yog cov lus paub zoo siv hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab hais lus ntawm tib neeg, tsis hais lawv qhov chaw nyob thiab kev ua haujlwm, uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus Lavxias, tag nrho cov lus hais tsis nrov - lawv tsuas yog siv rau hauv qee lub voj voog ntawm cov pej xeem. Cov no suav nrog cov lus slang, tshwj xeeb thiab cov lus hais. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, lawv tseem hu ua cov lus ntawm kev siv tsawg. Cov lus no tau muab faib ua pab pawg, txhua tus muaj nws tus yam ntxwv.
Lexical pawg
Qee pawg neeg ntawm cov pejxeem, cov neeg nqa khoomCov lus tsis yog pej xeem, suav nrog ntau pawg neeg tawg ri niab thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws thiab txawm tias dhau nws ciam teb. Txhua tus ntawm lawv hauv lub neej niaj hnub muaj nws cov lus tshwj xeeb, thiab txhua tus tau muab faib raws li qee yam cwj pwm: kev ua haujlwm, qhov chaw nyob thiab stratum ntawm tib neeg. Yog li lo lus twg hu ua dialects? Cov no yog cov uas siv nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Pskov cheeb tsam muaj xws li ib tug tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb, nyob rau Baikal tib yam tshwm sim hu ua barguzin, thiab nyob rau hauv lub Danube - belozero. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus no yog cua.
Ib hom lus yog ib feem ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob, thaum cov lus hais txog tib neeg txoj haujlwm ua ib pab pawg neeg ua haujlwm. Tab sis jargon hais txog qee ntu hauv zej zog.
Vim lus hais lus tshwm sim
Txhua thaj chaw muaj nws cov lus tshwj xeeb siv rau thaj chaw ntawd. Yog li, piv txwv li, nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub teb chaws koj tuaj yeem pom cov lus zoo li no: squares, uas txhais tau tias bushes; kozyulya, uas sib haum rau lo lus av. Hauv cov nroog sab qaum teb, ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov piv txwv nthuav ntawm cov lus hais: teplina, uas txhais tau tias hluav taws; Lava - choj thiab roe mos lwj - plough.
Kev faib cov lus hais lus
Hauv cov lus sau thiab sau ntawv, ib tus tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov lus hais - cov lus uas yog cov lus tseem ceeb, tab sis muaj lawv tus kheej cov lus tsim, grammatical thiab phonetic nta thiab xa mus rau ib lossis lwm hom lus. Dialectisms muab faib ua 4 pawg:
- SemanticDialectisms yog ib pawg ntawm cov lus uas siv nyob rau hauv ib yam lus nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim zoo. Piv txwv li: huab - thunderstorm, order - hav zoov, impudent - sudden.
- Cov lus hais haiv neeg hu ua ib yam khoom lossis qhov tshwm sim yam ntxwv ntawm qee cov pejxeem thiab tsis paub nyob rau lwm qhov chaw. Raws li txoj cai, xws li ib hom lus tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus hauv kev hais lus, thiab nws tsuas yog txhais tau piav qhia. Piv txwv li: plakhta - ib daim tiab ua los ntawm ib daim ntaub, duleyka - lub tsho paj rwb, tonets - nyias pancake ua los ntawm unleavened mov paj.
- Phraseological dialectisms yog cov kab lus hloov tsis tau uas muaj lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb hauv ib cheeb tsam. Piv txwv li: dhuav - poob rau hauv kev dhuav, kom qhuav - zoo li zaum hauv ntsev, ib yam hnyav thiab nyuaj - tuag tsis tuag.
cov lus siv nyob qhov twg?
Piv txwv ntawm kev siv cov kab lus no tuaj yeem pom tsis yog hauv kev sib tham xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv cov ntawv sau. Txawm hais tias, tau kawg, cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm yuav ua li cas, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, qhov twg cov lus no tuaj yeem siv rau kev kos duab. Nws yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab cov hom phiaj los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv uas txiav txim siab seb lo lus twg tuaj yeem siv rau hauv ib rooj plaub tshwj xeeb. Ntau yam tuaj yeem coj mus rau hauv tus account ntawm no - cov no yog cov tswv yim zoo nkauj, thiab kev txawj ntse, thiab, tau kawg, cov khoom tau piav qhia. Tseeb, qee zaum, tsuas yog siv cov lus lees paub feem ntau, nws tsis tuaj yeem qhia tag nrho cov xim thiab tus cwj pwm. Piv txwv li, L. N. Tolstoy feem ntau siv cov lus hais los piav txog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Piv txwv ntawm lawv siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kuj muaj nyob rau hauv I. S. Turgenev: nws siv lawv raws li inclusions thiab quotations, uas sawv tawm heev kom meej meej nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, xws li kev suav nrog hauv lawv cov ntsiab lus muaj cov lus hais qhia tag nrho lawv lub ntsiab lus, tab sis yog tsis muaj lawv cov ntsiab lus sau ntawv yuav tsis muaj qhov ci ntsa iab.
Dialectisms hauv peb lub sijhawm
Tam sim no cov kws sau ntawv hauv tej hauj lwm hais txog cov zos kuj siv cov lus hais, tab sis feem ntau tsis qhia lawv lub ntsiab lus, txawm tias cov no yog cov lus ntawm daim ntawv nqaim. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab lus zoo sib xws tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntawv xov xwm sau ntawv, qhov twg qee tus hero yog tus cwj pwm, nws txoj kev hais lus thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws lub neej, txiav txim siab los ntawm thaj chaw uas nws nyob.
Vim qhov tseeb tias cov ntawv xov xwm tshaj tawm yuav tsum nqa cov lus hais tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg coob coob, kev siv cov lus hais yuav tsum ua kom ncaj ncees ntau li ntau tau. Piv txwv li: "Nws tsis yog qhov tsis muaj nuj nqis uas kuv tau tso Vasily deb me ntsis ntawm cov tam sim no." Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias txhua lo lus tsis zoo no yuav tsum tau piav qhia rau tus nyeem, vim tsis yog ib tus neeg nyeem ib phau ntawv, khaws phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov lus ntawm tes.
Dialectisms raws li ib feem ntawm cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus
Yog tias peb tham txog phau ntawv txhais lus, ces thawj qhov kev hais tawm ntawm kev hais lus tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv "Phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias Lavxias" los ntawm V. I. Dahl. Hauv tsab ntawv no, koj tuaj yeem pom 150 cov lus ntawm lub ncauj lus tshwj xeeb no. Niaj hnub no, kev saib xyuas zoo kuj tau them rau txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia, vim lawv, nrog rau archaisms, neologisms,qev cov lus thiab phraseological units, ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus ntawm lub hwj chim Lavxias teb sab lus. Thiab txawm hais tias feem ntau ntawm lawv tsis yog siv nyob rau hauv txhua hnub hais lus thiab sau ntawv, tab sis ua raws li ib tug passive ib feem, yog tsis muaj lawv nws yuav tsis yooj yim sua los tsim cov lus tseeb los yog ib tug yeeb yuj piav qhia ntawm tej yam khoom los yog tus cwj pwm. Tias yog vim li cas cov kws sau ntawv zoo heev feem ntau siv cov lus hais kom ua kom cov ntawv ci dua. Rov qab mus rau lo lus, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias rau kev kawm ntawm cov lus dialect muaj tag nrho science hu ua dialectology.
Qhov no yog kev qhuab qhia yam lus uas kawm txog lub suab, kab lus, kev sib txuas lus ntawm ib chav lus, uas yog kho raws thaj chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau kev kawm ntawm dialectisms hauv ntawv tseeb. Linguistics qhia kev nkag siab ntawm cov lus xws li:
- txoj kev dav dav, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev suav nrog cov lus hais lus zoo tib yam hauv kev hais lus;
- nqaim mus kom ze, qhov twg tag nrho cov kab lus thiab cov lus raug siv hauv cov ntawv tseeb thiab kev tshaj tawm xov xwm.
Nkag mus rau hauv cov qauv lexical ntawm cov lus Lavxias, koj nkag siab tias lo lus "zoo thiab muaj zog" yog li cas. Tom qab tag nrho, cov lus hais nrog lawv cov kev faib tawm thiab cov qauv tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov txheej txheem loj uas nws cov kev tshawb fawb tau tsim. Ntxiv mus, Tshuag ntawm cov lus heev no tsis muajconstancy, nws yog replenished thiab tshiab. Thiab qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog siv rau kev hais lus xwb, vim hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus lees paub thiab feem ntau siv los kuj tseem nce ntxiv, uas tsuas yog hais txog lub zog ntawm cov lus Lavxias.
