Parallelism ntawm dav hlau: mob thiab khoom

Parallelism ntawm dav hlau: mob thiab khoom
Parallelism ntawm dav hlau: mob thiab khoom
Anonim

Parallelism ntawm dav hlau yog ib lub tswv yim uas thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv Euclidean geometry tshaj ob txhiab xyoo dhau los.

parallelism ntawm cov dav hlau
parallelism ntawm cov dav hlau

tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm classical geometry

Kev yug los ntawm kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb no yog txuam nrog kev ua haujlwm nto moo ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Greek thaum ub Euclid, uas tau sau phau ntawv "Beginnings" nyob rau xyoo pua peb BC. Muab faib ua kaum peb phau ntawv, Cov Ntsiab Lus yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov kev ua lej thaum ub thiab teeb tsa cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom ntawm cov duab dav hlau.

Cov xwm txheej classic rau kev sib luag ntawm cov dav hlau tau tsim raws li hauv qab no: ob lub dav hlau tuaj yeem hu ua qhov sib npaug yog tias lawv tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Qhov no yog lub thib tsib postulate ntawm Euclidean zog.

Properties of parallel planes

Hauv Euclidean geometry, feem ntau muaj tsib ntawm lawv:

thawj cov cuab yeej (pib txog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov dav hlau thiab lawv qhov tshwj xeeb). Los ntawm ib qho taw qhia uas nyob sab nraum ib lub dav hlau tshwj xeeb, peb tuaj yeem kos ib thiab tsuas yog ib lub dav hlau sib npaug rau nws

  • Thib ob khoom (tseem hu ua cov cuab yeej ntawm peb qhov sib luag). Thaum ob lub dav hlauParallel mus rau peb, lawv kuj parallel rau ib leeg.
  • cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dav hlau parallel
    cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dav hlau parallel

Cov cuab yeej thib peb (hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog hu ua cov cuab yeej ntawm txoj kab ncaj nraim hla qhov sib luag ntawm cov dav hlau). Yog tias ib txoj kab ncaj nraim hla ib qho ntawm cov dav hlau sib luag, ces nws yuav hla mus rau lwm qhov

Plaub yam khoom (cov cuab yeej ntawm cov kab ncaj nraim txiav ntawm cov dav hlau sib npaug rau ib leeg). Thaum ob lub dav hlau sib luag sib tshuam nrog ib feem peb (ntawm txhua lub kaum sab xis), lawv cov kab kev sib tshuam kuj yog tib yam

Thib tsib cov cuab yeej (ib qho cuab yeej uas piav qhia txog ntu ntawm cov kab sib txawv sib txawv uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov dav hlau sib npaug). Cov ntu ntawm cov kab sib txuas uas nyob ze ntawm ob lub dav hlau sib luag yog qhov sib npaug

Parallelism ntawm cov dav hlau hauv non-Euclidean geometries

Cov kev coj zoo li no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, lub geometry ntawm Lobachevsky thiab Riemann. Yog tias Euclid's geometry tau paub txog ntawm qhov chaw tiaj tus, tom qab ntawd Lobachevsky's geometry tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov chaw nkhaus (tsuas yog nkhaus), thiab hauv Riemann nws pom nws qhov kev pom zoo hauv qhov chaw nkhaus zoo (hauv lwm lo lus, spheres). Muaj ntau qhov kev xav tsis zoo uas Lobachevsky lub dav hlau sib luag (thiab kab ib yam) cuam tshuam.

dav hlau parallelism tej yam kev mob
dav hlau parallelism tej yam kev mob

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog. Tseeb, yug ntawm hyperbolic geometry yog txuam nrog cov pov thawj ntawm Euclid lub thib tsib postulate thiab kev hloov.views ntawm nws, txawm li cas los xij, lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov dav hlau sib luag thiab kab qhia tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem sib tshuam hauv Lobachevsky lossis Riemann, txawm nyob hauv qhov chaw twg lawv tau paub. Thiab qhov kev hloov pauv hauv kev pom thiab cov qauv tsim tau raws li hauv qab no. Lub postulate tias tsuas yog ib lub dav hlau sib npaug tuaj yeem rub los ntawm qhov taw tes uas tsis nyob ntawm lub dav hlau muab tau raug hloov los ntawm lwm cov qauv: los ntawm qhov taw tes uas tsis dag ntawm ib lub dav hlau tshwj xeeb, ob, tsawg kawg, kab uas nyob hauv. tib lub dav hlau raws li qhov muab thiab tsis txhob hla nws.

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