Chloroplast yog ib qho ntawm cov organelles tas mus li ntawm tes. Nws ua cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb - photosynthesis.
Kev npaj dav dav ntawm cov qauv ntawm ob-membrane organelles
Txhua lub cev muaj cov khoom siv saum npoo av thiab cov ntsiab lus sab hauv. Chloroplast thiab mitochondria yog cov qauv ntawm cov hlwb prokaryotic - cov kab mob uas muaj cov nucleus. Lub apparatus saum npoo ntawm cov organelles muaj ob daim nyias nyias, ntawm qhov uas muaj qhov chaw dawb. Spatial thiab anatomically, lawv tsis txuas nrog lwm yam qauv ntawm tes thiab koom nrog hauv lub zog metabolism. Mitochondria yog cov kab mob ntawm feem ntau cov fungi, nroj tsuag, thiab tsiaj txhu. Lawv pab rau synthesis ntawm ATP - ib yam khoom uas yog ib hom ntawm lub zog cia ntawm hlwb. Lub chloroplast kuj yog ob-membrane organelle uas belongs rau pawg plastid.
Plastid ntau haiv neeg
Muaj peb hom plastids hauv cov hlwb ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Cov no yog chloroplasts, chromoplasts thiab leukoplasts. Lawv txawv ntawm cov xim, cov yam ntxwv thiab kev ua haujlwm. Chloroplast yog ntsuab plastid uas muaj cov xim chlorophyll. Txawm hais tias feem ntau, vim muaj lwm yam xim, lawv tuaj yeem ua xim av thiab xim liab. Piv txwv li, hauvcell ntawm ntau yam algae. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, chromoplasts yeej ib txwm tsis muaj xim. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog khaws cov khoom noj. Yog li, qos yaj ywm tubers muaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab. Chromoplasts yog plastids uas muaj carotenoid pigments. Lawv muab xim rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Cov xim ci ntsa iab thiab cov hauv paus beet thiab paj paj yog qhov piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov no.
Plastids tuaj yeem hloov pauv. Thaum pib, lawv tshwm sim los ntawm cov hlwb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg kev kawm, uas yog me me vesicles surrounded los ntawm ob daim nyias nyias. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm lub hnub ci zog, lawv hloov mus rau hauv chloroplasts. Raws li nplooj thiab stems hnub nyoog, chlorophyll pib tawg. Yog li ntawd, ntsuab plastids hloov mus ua chromoplasts.
Cia peb muab piv txwv ntxiv. Txhua tus pom tias nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg nplooj hloov lawv cov xim. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias chloroplasts tig mus rau hauv liab, daj, burgundy plastids. Tib qhov kev hloov pauv tshwm sim thaum cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ripens. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb, qos tubers tig ntsuab: chlorophyll pib tsim nyob rau hauv leukoplasts. Cov theem kawg ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm plastid yog chromoplasts, vim lawv tsis tsim lwm hom qauv zoo sib xws.
Pigments yog dab tsi?
Xim, lub luag haujlwm thiab cov qauv ntawm chloroplast yog vim muaj qee yam tshuaj - pigments. Los ntawm qhov xwm txheej, lawv yog cov organic tebchaw uas muaj xim sib txawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Chlorophyll yog cov feem ntau ntawm lawv. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm algae thiab cov nroj tsuag siab dua. Carotenoids kuj feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv qhov. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv feem ntau paub tsiaj txhu. Hauv particular, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nroj tsuag, qee hom kab mob, kab, ntses thiab noog. Ntxiv nrog rau kev muab cov xim rau ntau yam kabmob, carotenoids yog cov xim tseem ceeb ntawm qhov muag, muab kev pom thiab xim xim.
Membrane structure
Nroj tsuag chloroplasts muaj ob daim nyias nyias. Thiab sab nraud yog du. Thiab sab hauv ib daim ntawv outgrowths. Lawv raug coj mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm chloroplast, uas yog hu ua stroma. Cov qauv tshwj xeeb, thylakoids, kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem sab hauv. Visually, lawv yog cov pav ca ib leeg-membrane tso tsheb hlau luam. Lawv tuaj yeem muab tso rau ib leeg lossis sib sau ua ke ntawm 5-20 daim. Lawv hu ua nplej. Pigments nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm thylakoids. Cov tseem ceeb yog chlorophylls, thiab carotenoids ua lub luag haujlwm pabcuam. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb rau photosynthesis. Lub stroma kuj muaj DNA thiab RNA molecules, hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab ribosomes.
Chloroplast muaj nuj nqi
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov plastids ntsuab yog kev sib txuas ntawm cov organic tshuaj los ntawm cov inorganic vim lub zog ntawm lub teeb. Nws cov khoom yog polysaccharide qabzib thiab oxygen. Yog tsis muaj cov pa roj no, kev ua pa ntawm txhua tus tsiaj hauv ntiaj teb yuav ua tsis tau. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias photosynthesis yog txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
Tus qauv ntawm chloroplast txiav txim siab nws lwm txoj haujlwm. ATP synthesis tshwm sim ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm cov plastids. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev no nyob hauvtsub zuj zuj thiab khaws cia ntawm ib tug npaum li cas ntawm lub zog. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm ib puag ncig zoo: muaj dej txaus, hnub ci zog, zaub mov. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub neej, ATP raug cais nrog kev tso tawm ntawm qee lub zog. Nws yog siv thaum siv kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob, kev txav mus los, kev tsim tawm thiab lwm yam txheej txheem hauv lub neej. Cov dej num ntawm chloroplasts kuj dag nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias ib co lipids, membrane proteins thiab enzymes koom nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis yog synthesized nyob rau hauv cov plastids.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis
Chloroplast yog qhov txuas ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab ib puag ncig. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm photosynthesis, tsis tsuas yog tsim cov pa oxygen tshwm sim, tab sis kuj muaj cov pa roj carbon thiab hydrogen nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej, tswj kom muaj qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm huab cua. Cov txheej txheem no txwv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide, uas tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov nyhuv tsev cog khoom, overheating ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo thiab kev tuag ntawm ntau cov tsiaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Plastids chloroplasts, uas yog cell organelles, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ua rau muaj sia nyob hauv ntiaj teb.
