Tib neeg lub cev muaj ntau tshaj li tsib caug txhiab proteins, uas txawv ntawm cov qauv, qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov amino acids sib txawv, txhua tus ntawm lawv nyob hauv ib txoj hauj lwm sib txawv hauv cov saw hlau polypeptide. Txog rau tam sim no, tsis muaj ib qho kev faib tawm uas coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov sib txawv ntawm cov proteins. Ib txhia ntawm lawv txawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm molecules, globular thiab fibrillar proteins yog txawv ntawm no, thiab peb yuav tham txog lawv hnub no.
YGlobular proteins
Qhov no suav nrog cov protein xws li hauv nws cov molecules muaj cov chains ntawm polypeptides uas muaj cov duab kheej kheej. Cov qauv protein no yog txuam nrog hydrophilic (lawv muaj hydrogen compounds nrog dej) thiab hydrophobic (repel dej) kev sib cuam tshuam. Hom no suav nrog eczymes, cov tshuaj hormones uas muaj cov protein ntau, immunoglobulins, cov proteins, albumins, thiab cov proteins uas ua haujlwm tswj thiab thauj khoom. Qhov no yog feem ntau ntawm tib neeg cov proteins.
Exims
Eximes (enzymes)muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hlwb, nrog rau lawv pab ib co tshuaj yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv lwm tus neeg, raws li lawv dramatically hloov tus nqi ntawm transformations, pab mus rau lub breakdowns, splitting thiab synthesis ntawm cov khoom los ntawm cov khoom lwj. Hauv txhua qhov kev tshwm sim tshwm sim hauv lub cev, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm catalyst, tswj cov metabolism. Ntau tshaj tsib txhiab enzymes sib txawv tau paub. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv ua mus txog ntau lab tus ua yeeb yam ib ob. Tab sis lawv pab txhawb rau kev nrawm ntawm qee yam tshuaj tiv thaiv, muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qee yam tshuaj. Enzymes tshem tawm cov cell tuag, co toxins thiab tshuaj lom. Lawv yog cov catalysts rau tag nrho cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub cev, thiab yog hais tias lawv tsis txaus, ces ib tug neeg qhov hnyav nce vim lub tsub zuj zuj ntawm pov tseg nyob rau hauv lub cev.
Immunoglobulins
Antibodies (immunoglobulins) yog cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov protein uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov lus teb rau kev noj cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob, nrog rau cov co toxins. Lawv tsis tso cai rau lawv ua kom ntau ntxiv thiab nruab nrab cov tshuaj lom. Immunoglobulins paub thiab khi cov khoom txawv teb chaws, rhuav tshem lawv, tsim cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab tom qab ntawd tshem tawm cov complexes. Lawv kuj tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm kev rov kis kab mob, txij li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob uas tau kis mus rau lub sijhawm ntev. Qee zaum lub cev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo uas tawm tsam nws lub cev. Qhov no tshwm sim feem ntau vim muaj cov kab mob autoimmune. Yog li, globular thiab fibrillar proteins ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub cev, tswj nws qhov qubviv ncaus.
Hormones ntawm protein nature
Qhov no suav nrog pancreatic, parathyroid thiab pituitary cov tshuaj hormones (insulin, glucagon, kev loj hlob hormone, TSH thiab lwm yam). Qee qhov tswj hwm carbohydrate metabolism los ntawm kev nce thiab txo cov ntshav qab zib, lwm tus txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm tes thiab cov thyroid ua haujlwm, thiab lwm tus tswj cov qog nqaij hlav. Yog li, lawv txhua tus tswj cov haujlwm physiological. Qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lawv li no los mus rau inhibiting lossis activating enzyme systems.
YFibrillar proteins
Fibrillar proteins yog cov uas muaj cov qauv hauv daim ntawv xov. Lawv tsis yaj nyob rau hauv dej thiab muaj ib tug loj heev molecular hnyav, cov qauv uas yog heev tswj, nws los txog rau ib tug ruaj khov lub xeev vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm sib txawv chains ntawm polypeptides. Cov chains no yog synchronously rau ib leeg ntawm tib lub dav hlau thiab tsim cov hu ua fibrils. Fibrillar proteins muaj xws li: keratin (cov plaub hau thiab lwm yam horny integuments), elastin (cov hlab ntsha thiab lub ntsws), collagen (cov leeg thiab pob txha mos). Tag nrho cov proteins no ua lub luag haujlwm hauv lub cev. Kuj muaj xws li myosin (cov leeg nqaij contraction) thiab fibrin (cov ntshav txhaws). Hom protein no ua haujlwm txhawb nqa lub zog rau cov ntaub so ntswg. Yog li, txhua hom fibrillar proteins ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub cev thiab lub cev. Kev tiv thaiv npog ntawm ib tus neeg yog tsim los ntawm lawv, lawv kuj koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov khoom txhawb nqa, vim lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, pob txha mos, tendons, pob txha thiab cov tawv nqaij sib sib zog nqus. Hauv dejlawv tsis yaj.
Keratins Keratins
Fibrillar proteins suav nrog keratins (alpha thiab beta). Alpha-keratins yog pab pawg tseem ceeb ntawm fibrillar proteins, lawv tsim cov npog uas ua haujlwm tiv thaiv. Lawv tau nthuav tawm hauv qhov hnyav qhuav ntawm cov plaub hau, rau tes, plaub, ntaub plaub, plhaub, thiab lwm yam. Cov protein sib txawv muaj qhov sib xws hauv cov amino acid muaj pes tsawg leeg, lawv muaj cysteine thiab muaj cov chains polypeptide uas tau teem rau tib txoj kev. Beta-keratins muaj alanine thiab glycine, lawv yog ib feem ntawm lub vev xaib thiab txhob lo lo ntxhuav. Yog li, keratins yog "nyuaj" thiab "mos".
Thaum lub sijhawm tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlwb epithelial, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug neeg, lawv ua keratinized, lawv cov metabolism nres, lub cell tuag thiab nws ua keratinized. Cov cell ntawm daim tawv nqaij muaj keratin, uas, ua ke nrog collagen thiab elastin, tsim ib txheej ntawm noo noo-pov thawj ntawm epidermis, daim tawv nqaij ua elastic thiab ruaj. Nyob rau hauv kev sib tsoo thiab lub siab, lub hlwb tsim keratin ntau ntau rau lub hom phiaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, corns los yog loj hlob tuaj. Cov tawv nqaij tuag pib tsis tu ncua exfoliate thiab hloov los ntawm cov tshiab. Yog li, beta-keratins ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tsiaj lub nceeg vaj, vim tias lawv yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm horns thiab beaks. Alpha-keratins yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg lub cev, lawv yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov plaub hau, tawv nqaij thiab rau tes, thiab tseem nkag mus rau cov pob txha pob txha, txiav txim siab nws lub zog.
Y
Collagen
FibrillarCov proteins, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog collagen nrog elastin, yog cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, lawv tsim cov pob txha mos, cov phab ntsa vascular, cov leeg thiab lwm yam. Collagen yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv vertebrates los ntawm ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov loj ntawm cov proteins. Nws cov molecules tsim cov polymers hu ua collagen fibrils. Lawv muaj zog heev, tiv taus lub load loj thiab tsis ncab. Collagen muaj glycine, proline thiab alanine, nws tsis muaj cysteine thiab tryptophan, thiab tyrosine thiab methionine muaj nyob ntawm no me me.
Tsis tas li, hydroxyproline thiab hydroxylysine ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov fibrils. Kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv ntawm collagen ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob. Collagen muaj zog heev thiab tsis ncab. Txhua cov ntaub so ntswg muaj nws tus kheej hom collagen. Cov protein no muaj ntau txoj haujlwm:
- tiv thaiv, tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev muab cov ntaub so ntswg lub zog thiab tiv thaiv lawv ntawm kev raug mob;
- kev txhawb nqa, vim kev sib txuas ntawm lub cev thiab kev tsim ntawm lawv cov ntawv;
- restorative, tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev rov tsim dua tshiab ntawm qib cellular.
Tsis tas li, collagens muab elasticity rau cov ntaub so ntswg, tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm daim tawv nqaij melanomas, thiab koom nrog kev tsim cov cell membranes.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.
Saum toj no, peb tshuaj xyuas cov proteins twg yog fibrillar. Qhov no kuj suav nrog elastin, uas muaj cov khoom zoo li roj hmab. Nws cov xov, uas nyob hauv lub ntsws cov ntaub so ntswg, vascular phab ntsa thiab ligaments, tuaj yeem ncab ntau zaus lawv qhov ntev li ib txwm. Tom qab lub load nreslawv qhov kev cuam tshuam, lawv rov qab mus rau lawv txoj haujlwm qub. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm elastin muaj feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov proline thiab lysine, hydroxylysine tsis nyob ntawm no. Yog li, kev ua haujlwm ntawm fibrillar proteins yog qhov pom tseeb. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev. Elastin muab stretching thiab contraction ntawm lub nruab nrog cev, hlab ntsha, tendons, tawv nqaij thiab lwm yam. Nws pab lub cev los kho lawv qhov qub qub tom qab ncab. Yog tias tib neeg lub cev tsis muaj elastin, tom qab ntawd cov hlab plawv hloov pauv hauv daim ntawv ntawm aneurysms, lub plawv valve tsis xws luag, thiab lwm yam.
Kev sib piv ntawm globular thiab fibrillar proteins
Ob pawg ntawm cov protein no txawv ntawm cov molecules. Globular proteins muaj polypeptide chains uas twisted nruj heev rau hauv cov qauv oval. Fibrillar proteins muaj polypeptide chains uas yog sib npaug rau ib leeg thiab tsim ib txheej. Raws li cov khoom siv kho tshuab, GBs tsis compress lossis ncaj, thaum FBs, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, muaj peev xwm zoo li no. GBs tsis yaj hauv dej, tab sis FBs ua. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov proteins no txawv hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Cov yav tas ua ib tug dynamic muaj nuj nqi, thaum lub tom kawg ua ib tug structural ib. Globular proteins tuaj yeem nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv enzymes thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nrog rau hemoglobin, insulin thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv ntawm fibrillar proteins: collagen, keratin, fibroin thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov proteins no tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv, lawv cov nyiaj tsis txaus hauv lub cev ua rau muaj teeb meem loj thiab pathologies.
Yog li, cov proteins globular thiab fibrillar ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ib txwm muajkab mob vertebrate. Lawv muab cov haujlwm ntawm lub cev, cov ntaub so ntswg, tawv nqaij thiab lwm yam, ua haujlwm ntau yam tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob tag nrho ntawm lub cev.
