Qhov tseeb qhov tseeb thiab nws cuam tshuam rau kev tshawb fawb. Cov qauv, cov qauv, kev nkag siab thiab kev tawm tswv yim

Cov txheej txheem:

Qhov tseeb qhov tseeb thiab nws cuam tshuam rau kev tshawb fawb. Cov qauv, cov qauv, kev nkag siab thiab kev tawm tswv yim
Qhov tseeb qhov tseeb thiab nws cuam tshuam rau kev tshawb fawb. Cov qauv, cov qauv, kev nkag siab thiab kev tawm tswv yim
Anonim

Science nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws cov me nyuam mos. Thiab feem ntau nws tau ua los ntawm loners, uas, ntxiv rau, rau feem ntau yog philosophers. Tab sis nrog lub advent ntawm scientific txoj kev, tej yam tau nce ho nce. Thiab qhov tseeb empirical plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov no.

Introduction

Yuav kom theoretical master ib yam khoom, kev tshawb fawb ib leeg tsis txaus. Hauv kev xyaum, peb kuj xav tau txhais tau tias nkag siab nws hauv qee hom ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub luag hauj lwm yog qhov tseeb, tswv yim, teeb meem, conjectures, hypotheses thiab theories. Ntxiv mus, tom kawg yog koom nrog tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kev piav qhia ntawm twb nrhiav tau lub sij hawm, thiab ua tsaug rau nws heuristic muaj nuj nqi, nws muaj peev xwm kwv yees yav tas los tsis paub ntaub ntawv. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov tseeb empirical yog qhov pib ntawm kev piav qhia thiab nthuav tawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwm sim pom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov kev paub qub no. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv yeej ib txwm "tsim" ntawm tej yam tseeb. Yog tsis muaj lawv, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim qhov teeb meem, tso tawm cov tswv yim, kev xav, tsim kev xav thiab kev xav.

yog dab tsiempirical theem ntawm kev paub?

lub backlash ntawm empirical tseeb ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm science
lub backlash ntawm empirical tseeb ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm science

Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txawv ntawm qhov nruab nrab layman tso rau hauv lub tswv yim no. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv yog dab tsi? Rau ntau, qhov tseeb yog phenomena, yam thiab xwm txheej. Lawv yog peb cov kev xav, kev nkag siab ntawm cov khoom, lawv cov khoom. Qhov ntawd yog, yam lawv tus kheej yog qhov tseeb, ib yam li kev paub txog lawv. Thiab qhov no twb yog ob npaug ntawm nomenclature ntawm lub tswv yim.

Yog tias qhov tseeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb pom tseeb yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub neej tiag tiag, ces nws lub neej tsuas yog rov ua dua. Tab sis tom qab tag nrho, qee qhov epistemological thiab cov ntsiab lus xaus tau los ntawm qee yam yog qhov txaus siab. Nws tseem tsis tuaj yeem txhais qhov tseeb raws li qhov tseeb, vim hais tias nrog txoj hauv kev zoo li no, nws cov khoom tseem ceeb (xws li, lub ntsiab lus ontological) raug tshem tawm thiab kev sib txuas nrog kev muaj tiag ploj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, yog tias qhov tseeb raug suav hais tias yog qhov tshwm sim epistemological, ces lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tau muab rau lawv - los ua lub hauv paus empirical hauv kev tso rau pem hauv ntej hypotheses thiab tsim theories.

Thiab yuav ua li cas rau qhov no?

Cia peb nyob deb ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus ib pliag thiab tsom ntsoov rau cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb tau txais cov cuab yeej ntawm qhov tseeb thaum nws:

  1. Yog tiag tiag.
  2. Ua qhov pib ntawm kev tsim thiab kev daws teeb meem kev tshawb fawb.

Txhua yam khoom yog muab los ntawm ob qho saum toj no. Raws li qhov no, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias daim ntawv ntawm kev paub empiricalyog ib qhov tseeb uas yog substantiated, proven thiab indisputable. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub hom phiaj (qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov kev piav qhia txaus thiab kev piav qhia ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv kev kawm). Vim li no, qhov tseeb yog hais txog tej yam tawv ncauj yuav tsum lees txais txawm lawv nyiam los tsis.

Yuav ua li cas kom tau lawv?

scientific empirical qhov tseeb
scientific empirical qhov tseeb

Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov tseeb yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem kom tau txais lawv (kev soj ntsuam thiab kev sim). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog tsim nyog los coj mus rau hauv tus account lub subjective lub sij hawm txuam nrog random cuam tshuam thiab kev tshawb fawb yuam kev, uas ua rau ib tug distortion ntawm kev kawm phenomena. Qhov teeb meem no daws tau li cas? Ua li no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ruaj khov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau txais nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev soj ntsuam thiab kev sim, nrog rau muab cov lus piav qhia theoretical rau lawv.

Tab sis muaj ntau qhov teeb meem ntawm no. Piv txwv li, hauv social sciences nws nyuaj dua los txiav txim siab lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov tseeb dua li qhov tseeb. Ntawm no peb tuaj yeem hais cov lus ntawm Dilthey: "Peb piav qhov xwm txheej, peb nkag siab lub neej ntawm sab ntsuj plig." Txawm hais tias muaj teeb meem tshwm sim, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias lawv tsis txwv tshwj xeeb rau kev sib raug zoo thiab tib neeg txoj haujlwm. Kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom yog cov yam ntxwv tsis yog rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj thaum ua hauj lwm nrog xwm. Ib tus tuaj yeem hais cov lus hauv qab no los ntawm physics: "Tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim quantum tuaj yeem raug txiav txim siab li ntawd kom txog thaum nws pom tau (saib tau)."

Ib ob peb lo lus hais txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub hom phiaj

empirical theem ntawm kev paub scientific tseeb
empirical theem ntawm kev paub scientific tseeb

Koj tuaj yeem pom nws feem ntau pom nrog kev siv tau dav dav thiab kev paub txog kev paub. Txoj kev no raug thuam tsis tu ncua. Nws yog raws li kev lees paub tias lub zej zog ntawm kev paub yog muab los ntawm nws lub hom phiaj xwm. Cov no yog deb ntawm tag nrho cov teeb meem uas qhov tseeb empirical, ib tug perceived thiab muaj nuj nqis tshwm sim, poses rau scientific zej zog. Qhov kev lees paub ntawm qhov tseeb no yog thawj daim ntawv ntawm kev paub ua rau peb xav tias nws yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm qhov tam sim ntawd thiab kev sib haum xeeb. Ntawd yog, qhov pib ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb thiab nws txoj kev loj hlob tam sim no vim yog kev kawm txuj ci yav dhau los.

Nws tshwm sim los ntawm qhov no tias qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tseeb yog qhov tsis sib xws. Nws zoo li cas hauv kev xyaum? Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov tseeb ua raws li ib yam dab tsi yooj yim (saib hauv kev txhim kho txoj kev xav), tsis sib haum xeeb los ntawm ib yam dab tsi. Nws tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog qhov kev paub daws teeb meem thiab ib sab ntawm lub sijhawm tag nrho, ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus system. Tib lub sijhawm, nws tus nqi yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom hauv nqe lus nug.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov tseeb yog ib txwm kho kom haum, vim nws tsis tuaj yeem nyob sab nraud ntawm qee qhov kev paub hauv qhov nws tshwm sim thiab raug pov thawj. Ntawd yog, nws tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem yog tias lawv muaj nyob hauv lawv daim ntawv dawb huv. Muaj ib txwm muaj kev sib txuas nrog kev tsim kho theoretical. Qhov xwm txheej no yog vim qhov ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li theoretical constructs, ib tug yuav hais: "point", "zoo tagnrho gas", "force", "lub voj voog".

Kev tsim ntawm qhov tseeb

Kev sib kho yog vim tsis yog rau txoj kev xav uas nws muaj, tab sis kuj rau ntau lwm yamkev txhim kho pem hauv ntej. Thaum koj ua tiav, txhim kho, nthuav dav thiab pom tseeb, qhov tseeb siv cov qauv ntawm ntau txheej. Nws raug tshuaj xyuas ntau zaus, txhais lus, tau txais cov ntsiab lus tshiab thiab cov qauv tsim. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau nkag siab ntau dua thiab ua tiav ntawm qhov tseeb. Ntawd yog, qhov no tsis yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tiag, tab sis kev sib raug zoo nrog cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

Kev nthuav dav ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb

kev kawm txog qhov tseeb
kev kawm txog qhov tseeb

Yog li, peb twb tau txiav txim siab ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Cia peb sim los tsim cov lus txhais tau. Qhov tseeb empirical yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib raug zoo lossis kev muaj tiag uas tau dhau los ua qhov kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb thiab tau txais cov lus piav qhia txaus siab. Ib lub ntsiab lus nthuav tawm hauv qab no los ntawm qhov no: qhov tseeb yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm kev paub theoretical hauv kev nkag siab dav. Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab cov ntsiab lus. Qhov no tshwm sim vim qhov kev ua tau zoo, kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom (subordinate rau lub hom phiaj ntawm tus neeg paub qab hau).

Yuav kuaj xyuas li cas?

qhov tseeb empirical generalizations
qhov tseeb empirical generalizations

Kev tshawb fawb txog qhov tseeb suav nrog kev siv "kev sim xyaum". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ob yam tseem ceeb yog qhov txawv:

  1. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom raws li txoj cai ntuj tsim.
  2. Ntxhais, hloov pauv tus txiv neej.

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, qhov thib ob tivthaiv yog conditioned los ntawm thawj tus (thiab ib tug yuav tsum tau nrog ib tug subjective khoom). Nws kuj ua raws li lub hom phiaj nco qab, tso caitxhim kho tus cwj pwm xaiv ntawm tus neeg soj ntsuam rau lub hom phiaj kev sib txuas ntawm kev kawm. Qhov no yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub fact tias, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm nws ua, nws muaj peev xwm los ntsuam xyuas thiab npaj empirical cov ntaub ntawv, "ntxuav" qhov tseeb los ntawm tsis tsim nyog cawv, xaiv cov feem ntau cov neeg sawv cev thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, thiab rov ntsuam xyuas cov ntsiab lus dubious. Tag nrho cov no ua rau nws ua tau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv txhim khu kev qha.

Kev pov thawj, tus neeg sawv cev thiab qhov tsis sib xws

piv txwv txog qhov tseeb
piv txwv txog qhov tseeb

Hais txog cov lus tawm tswv yim ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum raug txheeb xyuas tau siv ib txoj kev lees paub los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Hauv qhov no, feem ntau lawv nco qab kev soj ntsuam thiab kev sim. Ntawd yog, thaum lub sijhawm xeem, koj tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim uas muaj cov lus qhia tseeb.

Tus Neeg Sawv Cev tso cai rau koj faib cov ntaub ntawv qhia tawm rau tag nrho pawg ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm hom zoo sib xws. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, extrapolation yog muab rau ib tug unlimited teeb ntawm homogeneous thiab isomorphic rooj plaub uas qhia lub ntsiab ntawm qhov tseeb uas twb muaj lawm. Invariance yog sawv cev raws li ib tug tej yam kev ywj pheej los ntawm kev paub system nyob rau hauv uas lub phenomenon nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv. Qhov no yog vim lub hom phiaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tseeb. Cov cuab yeej no txhais tau hais tias tsis yog tsuas yog kev ywj pheej sab hauv hauv ib qho kev xav, tab sis kuj muaj ntau tus ntawm lawv (muab hais tias lawv nyob rau tib qhov chaw kawm).

About piv txwv

Hais txog qhov tseeb feem ntaupiav tones - qhov no zoo heev. Tab sis cia peb saib ze dua ntawm lawv yog dab tsi, siv cov piv txwv. Qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb yog:

  1. Cov lus hais tias kev tsim tawm ntawm cov hlwb thiab cov kab mob kis tau ua tiav vim muaj cov nucleus uas muaj cov noob. Nws yog qhov yooj yim heev los xyuas qhov no. Nws yog txaus kom rho tawm cov nucleus los ntawm cov kab mob, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tuaj yeem hais tias nws txoj kev loj hlob tau nres.
  2. Ib nqe lus hais txog qhov muaj lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, uas nyiam cov khoom nrog lub zog. Qhov piv txwv yooj yim tshaj yog coj thiab dhia. Txawm ib tug neeg sim siab npaum li cas los nws tseem yuav mus txog rau hauv av. Txawm hais tias, yog tias koj txhim kho lub cosmic ceev thib ob (kwv yees li kaum ib mais ib ob), ces nws muaj lub sijhawm tawg thiab ya mus. Ib qho nyuaj me ntsis yog saib xyuas lub hnub ci.
  3. Nqe lus hais tias dej tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nro, uas tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev sib xyaw. Cov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws yog qhov chaw ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm Hiav Txwv Mediterranean thiab Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic.
  4. Cov lus hais tias lo ntsiab muag tuaj yeem siv los sib sau ua ke qhov kho qhov muag uas yuav txhim kho lub peev xwm ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag. Piv txwv: telescope thiab microscope.

Cov Lus Qhia

qhov tseeb empirical
qhov tseeb empirical

Kev tshawb fawb qhov tseeb, txawm hais tias nws yog daim ntawv ncaj qha ntawm kev paub txog kev paub, vim nws qhov kev sib haum xeeb yog kev xav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws duality tau pom. Yog li, nws yog ob qho tib si sawv cev ntawm kev muaj tiag thiab ib feem ntawm lub theoretical system. Tau txaisnrog ib tug complex dialectic ntawm kev sib tshuam thiab interpenetration ntawm ob yam. Qhov tseeb empirical ua raws li thawj lub hauv paus rau kev ua haujlwm theoretical, nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev paub txog science. Muaj peev xwm, lawv tus lej hauv lub Ntiaj Teb mus rau qhov tsis muaj kawg. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob poob dej hauv hiav txwv no, yuav tsum siv qee qhov kev xaiv. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis yog txhua qhov tseeb yog qhov txaus siab rau kev tshawb fawb, tab sis tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb xwb.

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