Nws tau ntev tau lees paub hauv chemistry los sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua yam hauv daim ntawv luv luv, siv cov cim thiab ntsuas (tus lej). Kev sau cia rau hauv daim ntawv no yog hu ua "empirical" mis. Yog li, piv txwv li, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm phosphoric acid yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no - H3PO4. Los ntawm qhov nkag no nws ua raws li cov phosphoric acid molecule muaj peb hydrogen atoms, ib tug - phosphorus, thiab plaub - oxygen. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis paub meej tias cov ntsiab lus sib cuam tshuam li cas, i.e. cov ntaub ntawv tsis tiav. Txhawm rau sau qhov sib txawv no, cov qauv qauv ntawm cov khoom siv yog siv.
Cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas no yog qhia ntau dua, vim Nrog nws cov kev pab, nws yog schematically qhia yuav ua li cas thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi ib theem zuj zus cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib yam khoom yog kev cob cog rua rau ib leeg. Hauv qhov no, txhua daim ntawv cog lus (pair ntawm electrons) yog sawv cev los ntawm kev khiav ceev thiab sib raug rau ib chav tsev ntawm valence.
Piv txwv li, oxygen muaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm ob, nws nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm ob lub dashes, hydrogen muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm ib, yog li ntawd, ib qho khiav ceev, phosphorus - tsib, tsib dashes. Raws li xws liKev sau ntawv, koj tuaj yeem xav tias cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj, faib thiab ua haujlwm rau lawv.
qauv qauv tuaj yeem sau ua daim ntawv sau thiab sau luv. Thaum sau rau hauv daim ntawv nthuav dav, txhua daim ntawv cog lus ntawm atoms tau qhia, tab sis thaum sau ua ntawv luv, lawv tsis yog.
Qhov pom thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov duab sawv cev ntawm cov tebchaw hauv organic chemistry. Tom qab tag nrho, cov khoom ntawm cov khoom nyob ntawm seb tsis yog tsuas yog nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm atoms thiab molecules, tab sis kuj nyob ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lawv cov kev sib txuas. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua "isomerism" (txhais chaw ntawm cov saw hlau).
Yog li, piv txwv li, cov qauv qauv ntawm ethane hais tias tag nrho cov valences ntawm carbon tau nyob, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem txuas lwm cov atoms rau nws tus kheej. Los ntawm qhov no nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias С2Н 6 yog tus sawv cev ntawm saturated hydrocarbons, daim ntawv cog lus hauv cov molecule yog covalent, tsis muaj kev ywj pheej. electrons, yog li ntawd, tsuas yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua tau rau ethane hloov thiab r
flashing.
Cov qauv qauv ntawm cov khoom tseem qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov carbohydrates: alkyl pawg - hauv cawv, aldehyde - hauv aldehydes, benzene nucleus - hauv cov tshuaj tsw qab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug schematic sawv cev, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus "pom" saturated hydrocarbons los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm cov yam ntxwv daim ntawv cog lus - ib tug covalent daim ntawv cog lus. Unsaturated: ethylene - ib ob daim ntawv cog lus, diene - ob ob daim ntawv cog lus, triple - acetylene.
Cov qauv qauv ntawm fructose yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm spatial isomerism. Qhov no carbohydrateNws muaj qhov sib npaug thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li qabzib. Hauv kev daws teeb meem, nws los ntawm ntau hom ntawv ib zaug. Los ntawm graphical formula ntawm fructose, nws tuaj yeem pom tias nws muaj ketone thiab hydroxyl pawg, piv txwv li. Cov tshuaj no muaj "dual" zog ntawm cawv thiab ketones. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov qauv no tso cai rau peb los tsim kom muaj qhov dej cawv keto no yog tsim los ntawm cov seem ntawm cyclic a-glucose thiab pentose (fructose).
Yog li, cov qauv qauv yog cov duab sawv cev ntawm cov khoom, uas koj tuaj yeem kawm txog kev teeb tsa ntawm cov atoms hauv cov molecule, suav nrog hom nyiaj thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv.
