Chemistry yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, uas tau siv rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no los ntawm peb twb tau siv tshuab. Ib tug neeg tsis xav txog qhov nws siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub cov kev tshawb pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv nws lub sijhawm. Ua noj ua haus raws li cov zaub mov txawv thiab txawv txawv, ua teb - pub zaub mov, tshuaj tsuag, tiv thaiv kab tsuag, siv tshuaj los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev, siv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce uas koj nyiam - chemistry tau muab sijhawm rau peb txhua tus.
Ua tsaug ntau xyoo dhau los, cov kws tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws tau ua rau peb lub ntiaj teb zoo li no - yooj yim thiab xis nyob. Cov ntsiab lus ntxiv txog qee qhov kev tshawb pom thiab cov npe ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem pom hauv kab lus.
Kev tsim ntawm chemistry ua kev tshawb fawb
Raws li kev tshawb fawb ywj pheej, chemistry pib tsim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Cov kws tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws, uas tau muab ntau yam kev nthuav dav rau lub ntiaj teb thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshuaj, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim lub ntiaj teb hauv nws daim ntawv tam sim no.
Ua tsaug rau txoj haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, hnub no peb tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Chemistry tau dhau los ua kev qhuab qhia nruj nkaus xwb nrog kev pab ntawm kev mob siab rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev faib tawm meej ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv kev tshawb fawb, uas tau ua rau lub sijhawm ntev los ntawm cov neeg zoo. Chemists.
Tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj tshiab
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, tus kws tshawb fawb Jens Jakob Berzelius nyob thiab ua haujlwm hauv Sweden. Nws mob siab rau nws lub neej tag nrho rau kev tshawb fawb tshuaj. Nws tau txais lub npe ntawm tus xibfwb ntawm chemistry ntawm Lub Tsev Kho Mob thiab Kev phais mob, tau teev nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ua tus sawv cev txawv teb chaws. Nws yog Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Jens Jakob Berzelius yog thawj tus kws tshawb fawb los tawm tswv yim siv cov ntawv sau npe tshuaj. Nws lub tswv yim tau ua tiav tiav thiab siv los txog niaj hnub no.
Tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj tshiab - cerium, selenium thiab thorium - qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm Berzelius. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev txiav txim siab cov atomic masses ntawm ib yam khoom kuj belongs rau tus kws tshawb fawb. Nws tau tsim cov cuab yeej tshiab, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas, cov txheej txheem kuaj, kawm txog cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem.
Qhov kev koom tes tseem ceeb ntawm Berzelius rau kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no yog qhov kev piav qhia ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm ntau lub tswv yim tshuaj thiab qhov tseeb uas zoo li tsis cuam tshuam rau ib leeg, nrog rau kev tsim cov tswv yim tshiab thiab txhim kho cov cim tshuaj lom neeg.
Qhov chaw ntawm tus txiv neej hauv kev txhim kho ntawm evolution
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, tus kws tshawb fawb zoo hauv tebchaws Soviet, tau mob siab rau nws lub neej rau kev tsim kho tshiab - geochemistry. Ua ib tug naturalist, kws tshawb fawb, kws tshawb fawb, thiab los ntawm kev kawm biologist, Vladimir Ivanovich tau tsim ob txoj kev tshawb fawb tshiab - biogeochemistry thiab geochemistry.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub crust thiab nyob rau hauv lub ntug tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb, uas tam sim ntawd lees paub tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiabtsim nyog. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky soj ntsuam tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm Mendeleev thiab muab faib ua pawg raws li lawv kev koom tes nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust.
Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais meej lub npe Vernadsky cov haujlwm hauv ib cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb: nws nyob hauv lub neej biologist, chemist, historian, thiab tus kws tshaj lij hauv natural sciences. Qhov chaw ntawm tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm evolution yog txiav txim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb raws li muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm, thiab tsis txuam nrog yooj yim kev soj ntsuam thiab ua raws li cov cai ntawm xwm, raws li yav tas los xav nyob rau hauv lub scientific ntiaj teb no.
Kev tshawb fawb roj thiab kev tsim cov thee roj npog ntsej muag
Tus kws tshaj lij ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky tau los ua tus tsim ntawm petrochemistry thiab organic catalysis, tsim lub tsev kawm txuj ci.
Kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm ntawm cov roj, kev tshawb pom hauv thaj chaw ntawm hydrocarbon synthesis, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tau txais alpha-amino acids - cov no yog qhov zoo ntawm Nikolai Dmitrievich.
Xyoo 1915, ib tug kws tshawb fawb tau tsim lub npog ntsej muag roj. Thaum lub sij hawm roj tawm tsam los ntawm British thiab Germans nyob rau hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, ntau cov tub rog tuag ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua: tawm ntawm 12,000 tus neeg, tsuas yog 2,000 tseem ciaj sia. Zelinsky Nikolai Dmitrievich, ua ke nrog kws tshawb fawb V. S. Sadikov tau tsim ib txoj hauv kev ntawm calcining thee thiab muab tso rau hauv lub hauv paus rau kev tsim lub npog ntsej muag roj. Ntau lab tus tub rog Lavxias tau txais kev cawmdim los ntawm qhov kev tsim no.
Zelinsky tau txais peb zaug ntawm Lub Xeev Nqi Zog ntawm USSR thiab lwm yam khoom plig, lub npe ntawm Hero of Socialist Labor thiab Honored Scientist, tau raug xaiv los ua tus sawv cev ntawm lub koom haum Moscow.testers of nature.
Kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg
Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilyevich - tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias zoo. Nws tau pab txhawb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj nyob rau hauv Russia, nrhiav tau naphthenes, thiab ua cov kev tshawb fawb tob thiab ntxaws txog cov roj Caucasian.
Lub koom haum Lavxias Chemical tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia xyoo 1868 ua tsaug rau tus kws tshawb fawb no. Hauv nws lub neej nws ua tiav cov npe kawm, ua tus xibfwb hauv Department of Chemistry. Nws tiv thaiv ntau qhov kev tshaj tawm, uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshaj tawm yog kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj tsam ntawm isomerism ntawm fatty acids, nrog rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm atoms hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg.
Thaum tsov rog Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilyevich raug xa mus ua haujlwm hauv tsev kho mob tub rog. Nyob ntawd nws tau coj txoj haujlwm tua kab mob, thiab nws tus kheej raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev kis kab mob typhus. Nws raug mob hnyav, tab sis tsis tso nws txoj haujlwm. Tom qab 25 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm, Markovnikov raug tso tseg hauv kev pabcuam rau lwm 5 xyoos, vim nws paub zoo txog nws txoj kev lag luam thiab kev tshaj lij.
Ntawm Moscow University, Vladimir Vasilievich tau qhuab qhia ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Physics thiab lej, thiab muab lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam tsev rau xibfwb Zelinsky, vim hais tias. lub xeev kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Ntawm cov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yog kev tsim cov suberon, cov kev cai rau cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li kev tshem tawm thiab hloov pauv (Morkovnikov txoj cai), kev tshawb pom ntawm chav kawm tshiab ntawm cov organic tebchaw - naphthenes.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov pa roj thiab chemistrycements
Tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis Fab Kis Henri Louis le Chatelier tau dhau los ua tus thawj coj hauv kev lag luam chemistry hais txog kev kawm cov txheej txheem combustion, nrog rau kev kawm chemistry ntawm cements.
Cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov pa roj kuj tau los ua qhov khoom ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb.
Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb, uas yog kab liab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hauj lwm ntawm Henri Louis le Chatelier, yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav pom nrog cov teeb meem uas tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam. Nws phau ntawv "Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Lag Luam" tseem nrov hauv cov voj voog kev tshawb fawb.
Tus kws tshawb fawb tau mob siab rau ntau lub sijhawm los tshawb nrhiav cov kev tshwm sim uas tshwm sim nrog firedamp. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim nrog roj - ignition, combustion, detonation - tau kawm paub meej los ntawm Henri Louis thiab nws kuj tau npaj cov txheej txheem tshiab ntawm metallurgical thiab cua sov engineering suav. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau txais kev lees paub thiab koob meej tsis yog hauv Fabkis nkaus xwb, tab sis thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
Quantum Chemistry
Tus tsim ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm orbitals yog John Edward Lennard Jones. Tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv no yog thawj tus tshaj tawm qhov kev xav tias cov electrons ntawm ib lub molecule yog nyob rau hauv nyias orbitals uas belongs rau lub molecule nws tus kheej, thiab tsis rau ib tug neeg atoms.
Kev txhim kho ntawm quantum chemical method yog qhov zoo ntawm Lennard-John. Thawj zaug, nws yog John Edward Lennard Jones uas tau pib siv kev sib txuas hauv cov duab kos ntawm ib-electron theem ntawm molecules thiab cov qib sib thooj ntawm cov thawj atoms. Qhov saum npoo ntawm cov adsorbent thiab cov atom ntawm cov adsorbate tau dhau los ua qhov kev tshawb fawb rau cov kws tshawb fawb. Nws hypothesized li ntawdtias cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj peev xwm muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus, thiab mob siab rau ntau yam haujlwm los ua pov thawj nws qhov kev xav. Thaum nws ua haujlwm nws tau raug xaiv los ua tus tswv cuab ntawm Royal Society of London.
Kev ua ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb
Feem ntau, chemistry yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm ntau yam tshuaj, hloov lawv lub plhaub thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau txais tom qab qhov pib ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov kws tshuaj zoo tshaj hauv ntiaj teb tau mob siab rau lawv lub neej rau txoj kev qhuab qhia no.
Chemistry captivated, captivated thiab beckoned nrog nws ignorance, ib tug zoo kawg nkaus ua ke ntawm cov tsis paub nrog ib tug zoo siab tshwm sim, uas cov kws tshawb fawb npaj txhij txog, los yog, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, xav tias, tuaj. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm atoms, molecules, tshuaj cov ntsiab lus, lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg, kev xaiv rau lawv ua ke thiab ntau lwm yam kev sim coj cov kws tshawb fawb mus rau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws discoveries, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm peb siv niaj hnub no.
