Cov ntsiab lus hauv lub rooj ntu ntu feem ntau muab faib ua plaub pawg: pab pawg tseem ceeb, cov hlau hloov pauv, lanthanides, thiab actinides. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov pab pawg muaj xws li cov hlau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ob kab nyob rau sab laug ntawm lub rooj zaum thiab cov hlau, semimetals thiab nonmetals nyob rau hauv rau kab ntawm sab xis. Cov hlau hloov pauv no yog cov khoom siv hlau uas ua haujlwm zoo li tus choj lossis kev hloov pauv ntawm ob sab ntawm lub rooj zaum.
Ntawm txhua pawg tshuaj lom neeg, cov hlau hloov pauv tuaj yeem yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws los txheeb xyuas vim tias muaj kev xav sib txawv raws li qhov yuav tsum tau suav nrog. Raws li ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus, lawv suav nrog txhua yam khoom uas muaj ib feem ntawm d-electron subshell (tus neeg nyob). Cov lus piav qhia no siv rau pawg 3 rau12th nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, txawm hais tias cov f-block ntsiab (lanthanides thiab actinides hauv qab no feem ntau ntawm lub periodic table) kuj yog cov hlau hloov.
Lawv lub npe yog los ntawm tus kws tshuaj Askiv Askiv Charles Bury, uas tau siv xyoo 1921.
Place in the periodic table
Kev hloov pauv hlau yog txhua yam nyob hauv pawg los ntawm IB mus rau VIIIB ntawm lub sijhawm teem sijhawm:
- ntawm 21st (scandium) txog 29th (tooj liab);
- ntawm 39th (yttrium) mus rau 47th (nyiaj);
- ntawm 57th (lanthanum) mus rau 79th (kub);
- from 89th (actinium) mus rau 112th (Copernicus).
Cov pab pawg kawg suav nrog cov lanthanides thiab actinides (lub npe hu ua f-cov ntsiab lus, uas yog lawv pab pawg tshwj xeeb, tag nrho cov seem yog d-cov ntsiab lus).
Kev hloov pauv hlau daim ntawv teev npe
Cov npe ntawm cov ntsiab lus no tau nthuav tawm:
- scandium;
- titanium;
- vanadium;
- chrome;
- manganese;
- iron;
- cob alt;
- nickel;
- tooj;
- zinc;
- yttrium;
- zirconium;
- niobium;
- molybdenum;
- technetium;
- ruthenium;
- rhodium;
- palladium;
- nyiaj;
- cadmium;
- hafnium;
- tantalum;
- tungsten;
- rhenium;
- osmium;
- iridium;
- platinum;
- kub;
- mercury;
- reserfodium;
- dubnium;
- seaborgium;
- borium;
- Hassiem;
- meitnerium;
- Darmstadt;
- X-ray;
- ununbiem.
Pab pawg lanthanide yog sawv cev los ntawm:
- lanthanum;
- cerium;
- praseodymium;
- neodymium;
- promethium;
- samarium;
- europium;
- gadolinium;
- terbium;
- dysprosium;
- holmium;
- erbium;
- thulium;
- yterbium;
- lutetium.
Actinides yog sawv cev los ntawm:
- actinium;
- thorium;
- protactinium;
- uranium;
- neptunium;
- plutonium;
- americium;
- curium;
- berkelium;
- californium;
- einsteinium;
- fermiem;
- mendelevium;
- nobel;
- lawrencium.
Ntse
Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov tebchaw, hlau atoms yuav siv tau raws li valence s- thiab p-electrons, thiab d-electrons. Yog li ntawd, d-cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv feem ntau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib txawv valence, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov ntsiab ntawm lub ntsiab subgroups. Cov cuab yeej no txiav txim siab lawv lub peev xwm los tsim cov sib xyaw ua ke.
Qhov muaj qee yam khoom txiav txim siab lub npe ntawm cov khoom no. Tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv hlau ntawm koob yog cov khoom muaj siab melting thiab boiling ntsiab lus. Thaum koj txav los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis hla lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, tsib d-orbitals ua tau ntau dua. Lawv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis muaj zog, uas ua rau muaj hluav taws xob ua tau zoo thiab ua raws. Hloov cov ntsiab lus. Lawv kuj muaj lub zog ionization tsawg (yuav tsum tau thaum lub electron txav deb ntawm lub atom dawb).
tshuaj muaj zog
Cov hlau hloov pauv muaj ntau yam ntawm oxidation xeev lossis cov ntaub ntawv zoo. Nyob rau hauv lem, lawv tso cai rau kev hloov pauv los tsim ntau yam sib txawv ionic thiab ib nrab ionic compounds. Kev tsim ntawm cov complexes ua rau kev sib cais ntawm d-orbitals rau hauv ob lub zog sublevels, uas tso cai rau ntau yam ntawm lawv nqus tau qee zaus ntawm lub teeb. Yog li, cov yam ntxwv xim daws teeb meem thiab cov tebchaw raug tsim. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no qee zaum txhim kho cov solubility tsawg ntawm qee cov tebchaw.
Kev hloov pauv hlau yog yam ntxwv los ntawm cov hluav taws xob siab thiab thermal conductivity. Lawv yog cov yooj yim. Feem ntau tsim paramagnetic tebchaw vim unpaired d-electrons. Lawv kuj muaj kev ua haujlwm siab catalytic.
Nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias muaj qee qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog kev faib cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm pawg tseem ceeb thiab kev hloov pauv hlau ntawm sab xis ntawm lub rooj. Cov ntsiab lus no yog zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), thiab mercury (Hg).
Systematization problems
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog seb puas yuav faib lawv ua pawg loj lossis cov hlau hloov pauv qhia tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pawg no tsis meej. Muaj qee qhov zoo sib xws ntawm lawv: lawv zoo li cov hlau, lawv yog malleable thiabyas, lawv ua cua sov thiab hluav taws xob thiab tsim cov ions zoo. Qhov tseeb hais tias ob qhov zoo tshaj plaws conductors ntawm hluav taws xob yog ib qho kev hloov pauv hlau (tooj liab) thiab ib pab pawg tseem ceeb (aluminium) qhia txog qib uas lub cev muaj zog ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob pawg sib tshooj.
Tus yam ntxwv sib piv
Tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub hauv paus thiab cov hlau hloov pauv. Piv txwv li, tom kawg yog cov electronegative ntau dua li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg loj. Yog li ntawd, lawv muaj peev xwm tsim tau cov ntawv cog lus ntau dua.
Lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg hlau loj thiab cov hlau hloov pauv tuaj yeem pom hauv cov qauv ntawm cov tebchaw uas lawv tsim. Cov qub zoo li tsim cov ntsev (xws li NaCl, Mg 3 N 2 thiab CaS) uas tsuas yog cov ions tsis zoo txaus los sib npaug cov nqi ntawm cov ions zoo. Transition metals tsim cov tshuaj sib xws xws li FeCl3, HgI2 lossis Cd (OH)2. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv feem ntau ntau dua li pawg hlau loj tsim cov complexes xws li FeCl4-, HgI 4 2- thiab Cd (OH) 4 2-, muaj tus nqi ntau dhau ntawm cov ions tsis zoo.
Lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg tseem ceeb thiab kev hloov pauv hlau ions yog qhov yooj yim uas lawv tsim cov tebchaw ruaj khov nrog cov khoom nruab nrab xws li dej lossis ammonia.
