Cov kab mob lwj thiab lwj

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov kab mob lwj thiab lwj
Cov kab mob lwj thiab lwj
Anonim

Kab mob nyob txhua qhov chaw: hauv ntiaj teb thiab hauv dej, hauv av thiab hauv qab dej, hauv huab cua, hauv lub cev ntawm lwm yam tsiaj. Yog li, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov neeg laus noj qab nyob zoo sawv cev ntawm tib neeg haiv neeg, ntau tshaj 10 txhiab hom kab mob nyob, thiab lawv tag nrho loj yog los ntawm 1 mus rau 3 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov hnyav ntawm ib tug neeg. Qee cov microscopic creatures siv cov khoom organic ua zaub mov. Ntawm lawv, cov kab mob lwj nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb. Lawv rhuav tshem cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov nroj tsuag uas tuag lawm, pub rau qhov teeb meem no.

cov kab mob lwj
cov kab mob lwj

Natural process

Decomposition ntawm organics yog ib tug txheej txheem ntuj thiab tseem yuav tsum tau, raws li yog kom meej meej npaj los ntawm xwm nws tus kheej. Yog tsis muaj kev lwj, kev ncig ntawm cov teeb meem hauv ntiaj teb yuav ua tsis tau. Thiab nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, cov cim qhia ntawm decomposition txhais tau hais tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub neej tshiab, tshwm sim thaum pib. Cov kab mob rot yog qhov loj ntawm no! Ntawm tag nrho cov kev nplua nuj ntawm cov organic hauv lub neej, lawv yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm hnyav thiab hloov tsis tau.

cov kab mob putrefactive yog
cov kab mob putrefactive yog

Dab tsi yog kev lwj

Cov kab hauv qab yog qhov teeb meem nyuaj tshaj plaws hauv nws cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ua cov ntsiab lus yooj yim. Kev nkag siab niaj hnub ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog cov txheej txheem no, uas hloov cov organic tebchaw rau hauv cov inorganic, tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm cov haujlwm hauv qab no:

  • Cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob lwj muaj cov metabolism hauv tshuaj lom neeg ua txhaum cov nyiaj ntawm cov organic molecules uas muaj nitrogen. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev noj zaub mov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ntes cov protein molecules thiab amino acids.
  • Enzymes uas tsim los ntawm cov kab mob, hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cais, tso tawm ammonia, amines, hydrogen sulfide los ntawm cov protein molecules.
  • Cov khoom nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov kab mob putrefactive yog siv rau lub zog.
cov kab mob ntawm lwj thiab putrefaction
cov kab mob ntawm lwj thiab putrefaction

tso tawm ammonia

Lub voj voog nitrogen yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej hauv ntiaj teb. Thiab cov microorganisms koom nrog nws yog ib qho ntawm ntau pawg. Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso ecosystems, lawv ua si lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb restoring nyob rau hauv av mineralization. Li no lub npe - decomposer (uas txhais tau tias "rov qab"). Ammonifying kab mob, uas yog, muaj peev xwm tso nitrogen los ntawm cov organic teeb meem tuag, yog dav sawv cev ntawm no. Cov no yog non-spore-forming enterobacteria, bacilli, spore-forming clostridia.

decomposition tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob putrefaction
decomposition tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob putrefaction

Hav stick

Bacillus subtilis yog ib qho ntawm cov kab mob ntau tshaj plaws uas tau kawm los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Nyob hauv cov av, feem ntau ua pa nrog kev pab ntawmoxygen. Lub cev muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ib qho uas tsis yog-nuclear cell. Qhov no yog cov kab mob loj heev, cov duab uas tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev nce yooj yim. Rau kev noj haus, cov quav nyab lo ua cov proteases - catalytic enzymes uas nyob rau ntawm lub plhaub sab nraud ntawm nws cov cell. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov enzymes, cov kab mob rhuav tshem cov qauv ntawm cov protein molecule (peptide daim ntawv cog lus ntawm amino acids), yog li tso cov amino pawg. Raws li txoj cai, cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob peb theem thiab ua rau lub synthesis ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv lub cell (ATP). Kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov kab mob (rotting) yog nrog los ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg ua rau tib neeg.

Cov tshuaj no yog dab tsi

Ua ntej tshaj, cov no yog cov khoom kawg: ammonia thiab hydrogen sulfide. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog tsis tiav mineralization, cov hauv qab no yog tsim:

  • cadaverine tshuaj lom (cadaverine, piv txwv);
  • aromatic compounds (skatole, indole);
  • thaum rotting amino acids uas muaj leej faj, thiols, dimethyl sulfoxide tsim.
cov kab mob lwj lub ntsiab lus
cov kab mob lwj lub ntsiab lus

Qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv qhov txwv tswj los ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog, cov txheej txheem decomposition yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev zom zaub mov rau ntau tus tsiaj thiab rau tib neeg. Nws tshwm sim, raws li txoj cai, hauv cov hnyuv loj, thiab cov kab mob putrefactive ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws. Tab sis ntawm qhov loj me, kev lom nrog cov khoom lwj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj. Ib tug neeg xav tau kev kho mob ceev, plab hnyuv plab thiab kev kho mob uas kho cov microflora. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib sau ntawm ammonia hauv lub cev tuaj yeem pib los ntawm qee hom kab mob, suav nrognaj npawb thiab Escherichia coli. Yog li ntawd, ammonia accumulates nyob rau hauv ib co ntaub so ntswg. Tab sis nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua lub tshuab, nws khi rau urea thiab tom qab ntawd tawm ntawm tib neeg lub cev.

Saprotrophs

Cov kab mob ntawm putrefaction yog cais raws li saprotrophs, nrog rau cov kab mob ntawm fermentation. Ob qho tib si thiab lwm tus ua txhaum cov organic tebchaw - nitrogen-muaj thiab carbon-muaj, feem. Hauv ob qho tib si, lub zog raug tso tawm, uas yog siv rau kev noj haus thiab kev txhawb nqa lub neej ntawm cov kab mob. Yog tsis muaj kab mob fermentation (piv txwv li, fermented mis nyuj), tib neeg yuav tsis tau txais cov khoom noj tseem ceeb xws li kefir lossis cheese. Lawv kuj tau siv dav hauv kev ua noj thiab ua cawv.

Tab sis cov kab mob saprotrophic lwj tuaj yeem ua rau cov zaub mov lwj. Cov txheej txheem no, raws li txoj cai, yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntau ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide, ammonia, lub zog, cov tshuaj lom neeg, nrog rau cov cua sov ntawm lub substrate (qee zaum rau nws tus kheej-ignition). Yog li ntawd, tib neeg tau kawm los tsim tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas cov kab mob decay poob lawv lub peev xwm los tsim dua los yog tsuas yog tuag. Xws li kev txuag zaub mov suav nrog kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam thiab pasteurization, ua tsaug rau qhov kev khaws cia tuaj yeem khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev. Cov kab mob kuj poob lawv cov khoom thaum cov khoom khov. Thiab nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, thaum niaj hnub txoj kev tseem tsis tau paub, cov khoom raug tiv thaiv los ntawm spoilage los ntawm pathogenic microflora los ntawm ziab, s alting, qab zib, txij li thaum cov kab mob tsis ua hauj lwm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv ib tug qab ntsev thiab qab zib ib puag ncig, thiab thaum lub sij hawm ziab, feem ntau ntawm cov dej xav tau. rauyug kab mob.

cov kab mob putrefactive
cov kab mob putrefactive

Cov kab mob lwj: qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob hauv biosphere

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob no rau txhua lub neej hauv ntiaj teb tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau dhau. Nyob rau hauv biosphere, vim lawv cov kev ua haujlwm ammonifying, cov txheej txheem ntawm decomposition ntawm cov tsiaj tuag thiab cov nroj tsuag yog tas li mus, ua raws li lawv cov mineralization. Cov tshuaj yooj yim thiab inorganic tebchaw tsim los ntawm qhov no, suav nrog carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide thiab lwm yam, koom nrog lub voj voog ntawm cov khoom, ua zaub mov rau cov nroj tsuag, kaw qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog los ntawm ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab fauna. ntiaj teb mus rau lwm tus, muab lub cib fim rau yug lub neej tshiab.

Nitrogen tso tawm tsis muaj rau cov nroj tsuag siab dua, thiab yog tias tsis muaj kev koom nrog cov kab mob lwj, lawv yuav tsis muaj peev xwm noj tau thiab loj hlob.

Cov kab mob rotting yog koom ncaj qha rau hauv cov txheej txheem hauv av, decomposing cov organic teeb meem tuag rau hauv nws qhov chaw. Cov cuab yeej no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua liaj ua teb thiab lwm yam haujlwm ntawm tib neeg.

Thaum kawg, yam tsis muaj cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob uas tau hais tseg lawm, lub ntiaj teb saum npoo av, suav nrog cov chaw dej, yuav raug pov tseg nrog cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov nroj tsuag uas tsis yog decomposed, thiab ntau tus ntawm lawv tau tuag thaum lub sijhawm muaj sia nyob. ntiaj chaw!

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