Phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias yog nplua nuj thiab ntau yam. Tab sis cov ntsiab lus zoo ib yam yog undoubtedly suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm nws. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb, tsis muaj qhov uas nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog cov lus thiab kev sib tham, nws suav nrog cov lus siv feem ntau qhia txog cov ntsiab lus uas tau siv txhua qhov chaw. Lawv tuaj yeem hnov ntawm txoj kev, tom haujlwm, tom tsev kawm ntawv, hauv khw, hauv lwm lo lus, nyob qhov twg. Folk vocabulary yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus sau hauv teb chaws, yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev hais lus hauv hom lus. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus uas pab koj ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig thiab txhim kho koj cov lus. Nws qhov tseem ceeb tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees. Yuav luag txhua chav ntawm cov lus pej xeem siv nquag thiab tas li, lawv tuaj yeem pom hauv txhua qhov kev hais lus.
cov lus hais tsis zoo thiab stylistically neutral
Muaj ntau lo lus hauv Lavxias uas paub thiab nkag tau rau txhua tus, uas tuaj yeem siv tau ob qho tib si hauv kev sib tham thiab sau ntawv. Ib qho piv txwv yogcov lexical units hauv qab no: "dej", "av", "grove", "bun", "mus", "noj", "lub caij ntuj no", "catchy", "ua hauj lwm", "nyeem", "ntawv xov xwm", " poj niam "," kab lus "," tus neeg ", thiab lwm yam. Tseem muaj cov lus nruab nrab uas tuaj yeem pom ob qho tib si hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sib tham; lawv tuaj yeem pom ob qho tib si hauv daim ntawv tshaj tawm thiab hauv tsab ntawv ntawm tus phooj ywg. Muaj ntau ntau lexical units nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus. Cov lus zoo, piv txwv li koj tam sim no paub, muaj ntau thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Lawv kuj tau siv nyob rau qee lub xeev uas tib neeg hais lus Lavxias.
Nyob zoo cov lus qhia
Ntxiv rau qhov stylistically neutral lexical units, ntawm cov lus siv muaj cov uas tuaj yeem hais tau los ntawm txhua tus neeg, tab sis qee zaum tsuas yog. Yuav tsum muaj lub sijhawm rau qhov no. Piv txwv li, cov lus: "zemlitsa", "blunder", "ntawv xov xwm", "bearded", "square" - txawv ntawm stylistically nruab nrab lexical units nyob rau hauv uas lawv muaj peev xwm hu ua lub siab lub ntsws los yog txawm qhia. Qhov no zoo heev thaum lawv hais. Kev xav xim yog xa nrog kev pab los ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov lus kawg, uas tuaj yeem ua rau derogatory-magnifying lossis diminutive-petting, thiab kev nthuav qhia tau ua tiav los ntawm qhov txawv txav ntawm cov lus siv hauv kev hais lus. Hais zoo lilexical units, ib tug neeg qhia nws tus cwj pwm zoo los yog phem rau ib qho kev tshwm sim los yog khoom. Thiab nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov lus no tsis tshua muaj siv hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv lag luam. Emotionally expressive lexical units tsis yog siv nyob rau hauv txhua yam kev hais lus. Raws li txoj cai, lawv nquag siv hauv kev sib tham zoo tib yam, thiab lawv tuaj yeem nyeem tau hauv cov ntawv luam tawm. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua xav txog yuav ua li cas cov neeg yuav hais yog hais tias nws tsis yog rau cov ubiquitous cov lus. Cov ntsiab lus sib txawv kiag li, lawv hais txog cov lus tshaj lij. Tsis txhob nkim lawv nrog cov lus zoo. Nov yog qhov yuam kev loj heev.
Cov lus Askiv thiab cov lus tshaj lij uas tau dhau los ua qhov chaw
Tab sis nws tsis ua raws los ntawm tag nrho cov saum toj no uas cov lus siv feem ntau yog cov lus kaw uas tsis cuam tshuam rau ib qho twg. Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob xav li ntawd. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov ntsiab lus (tshwj xeeb lossis hom lus) tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau cov lus no, kev siv uas yav dhau los tau txwv. Piv txwv li, cov lus: "motley", "tyrant", "tedious", "hlawv", "loser", "tsis tu ncua" - thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tsis zoo li lawv tam sim no: lub Scope ntawm lawv. siv tau txwv rau cov lus los yog tshwj xeeb sphere. Thiab tam sim no cov lexical units tau nquag siv. Txaus siab heev, tsis yog nws? Cov lus hauv Lavxias yog qhov txaus siab rau ntau tus kws tshawb fawb. Tsis tas li ntawd,lawv feem ntau nrhiav kom tau lees paub los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws mus rau Russia.
Tsis nco qab cov lexical units
Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov kev siv cov lexical feem ntau yuav ploj mus los ntawm kev hais lus sib tham dhau sij hawm, ua rau lawv qhov ntau. Piv txwv li, lo lus "brezg" (dag kaj ntug) thiab "goiter" (noj) yog tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv ob peb lo lus Lavxias teb sab lus. Ntau tus neeg tsis nco qab lawv lawm. Nws tshwm sim tias chav tsev lexical tsis tau siv ntau thiab dhau los ua cov lus tshaj lij. Feem coob ntawm cov neeg maj mam tsis nco qab lo lus no, uas yog kev tu siab me ntsis. Cov lus nquag yog lexical units uas tuaj yeem tshem tawm tag nrho los ntawm kev nco ntawm tib neeg. Hmoov tsis, qhov no muaj tseeb.
Cov lus Folk muaj qhov sib txawv - cov lus siv tsawg. Lawv tuaj yeem hnov thaum nyob hauv cov neeg ntawm ib txoj haujlwm lossis nyob hauv tib thaj chaw.
Dialectisms
Nws tseem yuav tsum tau xav txog cov lus uas yog cov lus hais. Lawv siv rau hauv lawv cov lus hais los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb. Dialect lexical units feem ntau yog siv hauv kev sib tham yooj yim. Thiab qhov no yog qhov nkag siab heev. Tom qab tag nrho, cov lus hais feem ntau yog hais txog qhov ncauj ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos. Nws yuav yog incomprehensible rau ib tug neeg sab nrauv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg zej zog, tau kawg, kuj paub cov lus zoo. Yog xav tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem siv lawv hauv lawv cov lus.
Thawjdialectisms txawv ntawm cov lus siv ntau
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm hom lus thiab cov lus sib txawv? Cov qub yog qhov txawv los ntawm qhov nqaim ntawm kev siv; ntxiv rau, lawv muaj qee yam semantic-lexical, grammatical, thiab cov suab paj nruag. Muab lawv cov yam ntxwv nta, ntau hom kev hais lus tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv. Qhov twg?
Types of dialectisms
- Phonetic dialectisms yog cov lexical tshwj xeeb. Yuav hais li cas txog lawv? Lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab lus: "tipyatok", "Vanka", "chim" (hauv cov lus siv nws yog "dej boiling", "Vanka", " chim") - xa mus rau South Lavxias teb sab; "kuricha", "tselovek", "tsasy", "nemchi" (hauv lwm lo lus, "nqaij qaib", "tus txiv neej", "teev", "Germans") yog cov lus hais txawv txawv, yam ntxwv ntawm ntau hom lus sab hnub poob. Rau cov neeg thib peb, lawv lub suab yuav zoo li txawv txawv. Lawv nyob ze dua, tau kawg, rau cov lus siv ntau.
- grammatical dialectisms yog peculiar lexical units. Dab tsi yog paub txog lawv? Lawv muaj cov cuab yeej grammatical uas tsis yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus sau, thiab lawv tsis zoo ib yam li cov lus siv hauv lawv cov qauv morphological. Koj tsis tshua hnov lawv.
- Lexical dialectisms yog cov lus uas tsis zoo ib yam li cov lus siv feem ntau hauv lub ntsiab lus lossis daim ntawv. Piv txwv li, indah - txawm, kochet - qaib, gutar - tham, lwm hnub - tsis ntev los no, thiab lwm yam
Cov lus tshwj xeeb thiab tshaj lij
Lexical units uas feem ntau tuaj yeem hnov hauv lub tuam txhab ntawm cov neeg ntawm qee yam kev ua ub no hais txog cov lus tshwj xeeb thiab kev tshaj lij. Lawv tau siv nyob rau hauv qee qhov chaw ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab kev tshawb fawb. Ob lo lus no yuav tsum tau paub qhov txawv kom nkag siab tias lo lus twg raug lees paub thiab hais tawm tas li (tshwj xeeb), thiab qhov uas tau hais rov qab hais dua, rov xav dua tom qab qiv los ntawm cov lus siv (cov kws tshaj lij). Cov tom kawg yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm cov neeg ntawm ntau yam kev ua si. Yog li, feem ntau siv cov lus qee zaum ua rau muaj kev tshaj lij.
Cov lus tshwj xeeb, raws li txoj cai, tag nrho "suav" ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev siv tshuab lossis kev tshawb fawb: txhua lub tswv yim thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau qhia los ntawm cov ntsiab lus nruj me ntsis. Professionalism txawv me ntsis. Lawv tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim raws li ib qho system, raws li lawv tau raug coj los ntawm kev sib tham ntawm qhov ncauj ntawm cov neeg uas muaj kev tshwj xeeb. Kev tshaj lij tuaj yeem raug hu ua cov lus zoo siab thiab cov lus tseeb. Lawv suab zoo heev. Txhua tus neeg yuav tsum paub tias cov lus zoo li cas, cov lus hais thiab cov lus tshaj lij yog.
