Brazil yog ib lub tebchaws nyob rau hauv South America, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws sov no. Cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm Brazil yog Portuguese. Lub npe tag nrho ntawm cov lus yog língua portuguesa. Qhov no yog hom lus ntawm pawg neeg Western Romance, uas tau hais los ntawm ntau tshaj ob puas lab tus tib neeg hauv South America thiab Europe. Kab lus no tau mob siab rau rau hom lus ntawm Brazil.
Cov lus ntawm Brazilians
hom lus hauv Brazil yog dab tsi? Brazilian Portuguese yog ib pawg lus Portuguese siv feem ntau hauv Brazil. Nws tau hais los ntawm yuav luag tag nrho 200 lab tus neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws. Nws yog thoob plaws hauv Brazilian diaspora, uas tam sim no muaj txog li ob lab tus tib neeg uas tau tsiv mus rau lwm lub tebchaws.
Ntau yam ntawm Portuguese no txawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv phonetics thiab lo lus stress, los ntawm ntau yam hais nyob rau hauv Portugal thiab Portuguese-hais lus African lub teb chaws. Hauv cov tebchaws African, nws zoo li muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog niaj hnub European Portuguese, ib nrabvim tias Portuguese colonial txoj cai tau xaus rau hauv lawv ntau tom qab hauv Brazil. Txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus hais, Brazilian thiab European Portuguese txawv me ntsis hauv kev sau ntawv. Qhov tshwm sim no muaj ntau txoj hauv kev zoo ib yam li qhov sib txawv ntawm Asmeskas thiab Askiv Askiv.
Portuguese lus hloov kho
Xyoo 1990, cov zej zog ntawm cov tebchaws hais lus Portuguese, uas suav nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua lub tebchaws uas nws cov lus yog Portuguese, tau txais kev pom zoo ntawm kev hloov pauv kev sau ntawv txhawm rau koom ua ke ob tus qauv uas tau siv los ntawm Brazil, ntawm ib sab tes, thiab tus so Portuguese-hais lub teb chaws - ntawm lwm yam. Qhov kev hloov pauv kev sau ntawv no tau pib siv hauv Brazil thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1, 2009. Hauv Portugal, qhov kev hloov pauv tau kos npe los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm 21 Lub Xya Hli 2008 thiab suav nrog rau lub sijhawm hloov pauv rau xyoo uas ob qho kev sau ntawv sib koom ua ke. Txhua lub teb chaws ntawm lub zej zog no tau kos npe rau cov ntawv nyeem ntawm daim ntawv no. Hauv tebchaws Brazil, qhov kev hloov pauv no tau pib siv txij lub Ib Hlis 2016. Portugal thiab lwm lub tebchaws uas hais lus Portuguese kuj tau pib siv tus lej tshiab.
Lub cheeb tsam ntau yam ntawm Brazilian Portuguese, thaum tseem muaj kev sib nrig sib paub, yuav txawv ntawm ib leeg hauv cov teeb meem xws li kev hais lus suab thiab hais lus intonation.
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm Brazilian Portuguese
Cov lus nug feem ntau nug: dab tsi yog hom lus hauv Brazil? Insofar asTsis muaj lus Brazilian, Brazilians hais lawv tus kheej version ntawm Portuguese.
Kev siv Portuguese hauv Brazil yog keeb kwm ntawm kev ua neeg nyob hauv Asmeskas. Thawj nthwv dej ntawm Portuguese-hais lus neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw nyob hauv Brazil hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, tab sis cov lus tsis tau siv dav. Rau ib lub sij hawm, cov Portuguese coexisted nrog ib tug lingua franca hu ua lingua geral, raws li Indian cov lus siv los ntawm cov Jesuit cov tub txib, nrog rau ntau yam lus African hais los ntawm ntau lab tus qhev coj mus rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm lub 16th thiab 19th caug xyoo. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum yim, Portuguese tau tsim nws tus kheej ua hom lus hauv tebchaws. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas ua rau qhov kev hloov pauv sai sai no yog kev sib kis ntawm kev ua neeg nyob rau sab hauv ntawm Brazil thiab qhov nce ntawm cov neeg Portuguese cov neeg nyob hauv uas coj lawv cov lus thiab dhau los ua pawg neeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Brazil.
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, tsoomfwv Portuguese tau siv zog los nthuav kev siv cov lus Portuguese thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim nws siv hauv Brazil tuaj yeem lav Portugal cov av tau thov los ntawm cov neeg Mev (raws li ntau yam kev cog lus kos npe hauv xyoo pua 18th, cov av no tuaj yeem hloov mus rau cov neeg uas tau nyob hauv lawv). Raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Marquis ntawm Pombal (1750-1777), Portuguese pib nyiam cov neeg Brazilians, thaum nws tau ntiab tawm cov tub txib Jesuit uas qhia cov lus geral thiab txwv.siv lwm yam lus hauv zos.
Kev sim ua tsis tiav rau lub nroog Rio de Janeiro los ntawm Fabkis nyob rau xyoo pua 16th thiab los ntawm Dutch nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws nyob rau xyoo pua 17th tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig rau Portuguese. Cov nthwv dej loj ntawm cov neeg tsis hais lus Portuguese nyob rau hauv lub lig 19th thiab thaum ntxov 20th centuries (feem ntau los ntawm Ltalis, Spain, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Poland, Nyiv, thiab Lebanon) tau linguistically integrated rau Portuguese-hais lus feem ntau nyob rau hauv ntau tiam neeg, nrog rau kev zam. qee thaj tsam los ntawm peb lub xeev yav qab teb (Parana, Santa Catarina thiab Rio Grande do Sul). Dab tsi yog hom lus hais hauv Brazil? Tau kawg, qhov no yog Portuguese, uas tau hais los ntawm 97 feem pua ntawm cov pej xeem hauv lub tebchaws.
txoj haujlwm tam sim no ntawm cov lus
Tam sim no, feem coob ntawm cov neeg Brazilians hais lus Portuguese ua lawv thawj hom lus, tshwj tsis yog cov koog zej zog me me ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm European (German, Polish, Ukrainian, Italian) thiab cov neeg nkag tebchaws Nyij Pooj - feem ntau nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws, raws li zoo raws li lub zos thiab reservations inhabited los ntawm Native Americans. Thiab txawm tias cov pab pawg neeg no siv cov lus Portuguese los sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg tsis paub, saib thiab mloog TV thiab xov tooj cua hauv nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov zej zog ntawm cov neeg siv hom lus Brazilian kwv yees txog 3 lab.
Qhov twg yog lus Portuguese
hom lus twg yog hais hauv Brazil? Cov lus Brazilian yog Portuguese. Kuj Portuguese yogtib hom lus ntawm Portugal, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola thiab Sao Tome thiab Principe. Nws kuj muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm ib hom lus hauv East Timor, Equatorial Guinea thiab Macau hauv Suav teb. Kab lus no hais txog lub xeev cov lus ntawm Brazil.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm thaj chaw nthuav dav thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev kov yeej kev ywj pheej, Portuguese thiab Creole hais lus sib xyaw muaj nyob hauv Goa, Daman thiab Diu hauv Is Nrias teb, hauv Batticaloa ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub tuaj ntawm Sri Lanka; nyob rau hauv Indonesian kob ntawm Flores; nyob rau hauv lub xeev Malay ntawm Malaysia, ntawm cov Islands tuaj hauv Caribbean, qhov twg Portuguese-based creoles tau hais. Cape Verdean Creole yog lub npe nrov tshaj plaws Portuguese Creole. Cov neeg hais lus Portuguese feem ntau hu ua Lusophones hauv lus Askiv thiab Portuguese.
Influence
Portuguese yog ib feem ntawm Ibero-Romance pab pawg uas tau tsim los ntawm ntau hom lus ntawm Vulgar Latin nyob rau hauv lub medieval lub nceeg vaj ntawm Galicia thiab khaws ib co ntawm cov phonetic thiab lexical nta ntawm cov lus Celtic. Nov yog cov lus piav qhia dav dav ntawm hom lus ntawm Brazil.
Portuguese yog hom lus ntawm kwv yees li 215-220 lab tus tib neeg. Tag nrho cov neeg hais lus yog 260 lab. Cov lus no yog thib rau feem ntau hais nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, thib peb feem ntau European thiab ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb sawv daws yuav nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb Hemisphere. Nws kuj yog ib hom lus uas tau hais ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau South America thiab yog hom lus thib ob uas tau hais ntau tshaj plaws hauv Latin America tom qab Spanish. Yog hom lusEuropean Union thiab African Union.
Portuguese yog hom lus loj hlob sai
Raws li UNESCO, Portuguese yog cov lus European loj tshaj plaws tom qab lus Askiv. Raws li Cov Xov Xwm Portugal, uas luam tawm UNESCO cov nuj nqis, nws muaj peev xwm loj hlob zoo tshaj plaws raws li kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb nyob rau yav qab teb Africa thiab South America. Portuguese yog ib hom lus thoob ntiaj teb uas tau hais hauv tsib lub tebchaws.
Txij li xyoo 1991, thaum Brazil koom nrog Mercosur kev lag luam hauv zej zog nrog rau lwm lub tebchaws Asmeskas Qab Teb, uas yog Argentina, Uruguay thiab Paraguay, Portuguese tau raug yuam los yog qhia hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov tebchaws Asmeskas Qab Teb.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, tom qab Macau tau muab rau Tuam Tshoj thiab Brazilian kev nkag tebchaws mus rau Nyij Pooj tau qeeb, kev siv Portuguese hauv Asia poob qis. Nws yog ib zaug dhau los ua hom lus ntawm lub sijhawm muaj feem ntau vim yog kev nthuav dav ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog nyiaj txiag muaj zog hais lus Portuguese (Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, thiab lwm yam) hauv ntiaj teb.
Ntau tus hais lus
Cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm Brazil, nws muaj pes tsawg tus neeg hais lus? Thaum Lub Xya Hli 2017, tag nrho cov neeg hais lus Portuguese yog kwv yees li ntawm 279 lab. Tus lej no tsis suav nrog Lusophone diaspora, uas kwv yees li ntawm 10 lab tus tib neeg (xws li 4.5 lab Portuguese, 3 lab Brazilians thiab ib nrab lab Creoles, thiab lwm yam). Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau muab ib tug official pes tsawg tus neeg hais lusPortuguese, txij li feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg no yog cov pej xeem yug los sab nraum thaj chaw ntawm Brazil thiab Portugal, thiab cov menyuam tuaj txawv teb chaws tsuas muaj kev paub lus yooj yim xwb. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws yog ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem uas twb tau suav ntawm Portuguese-hais lus lub teb chaws thiab thaj chaw.
Yog li ntawd, cov lus Portuguese yog siv los ntawm ntau dua 250 lab tus tib neeg txhua hnub uas muaj kev sib cuag ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj, raug cai thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog nws. Portuguese tuaj yeem yog hom lus ntawm kev sib txuas lus nkaus xwb, lossis tsuas yog siv rau qee lub hom phiaj: kev kawm, kev sib txuas lus nrog kev tswj hwm hauv zos lossis thoob ntiaj teb, kev lag luam thiab kev yuav khoom ntawm ntau yam kev pabcuam.
Vaj lus Portuguese
Feem ntau ntawm cov lus hauv Portuguese los ntawm Latin. Txawm hais tias nws yog qiv ncaj qha lossis Latin cov ntsiab lus tuaj los ntawm lwm yam lus Romance. Txawm li cas los xij, vim nws cov cuab yeej cuab tam Celtic qub thiab tom qab Portuguese kev koom tes hauv Hnub Nyoog Ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, nws muaj qee cov lus Celtic thiab kuj qiv cov lus los ntawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus Portuguese hauv Brazil (thiab yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw uas nws tau hais) tau cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm yam lus uas nws tau los rau hauv kev sib cuag, feem ntau hauv cov lus: thawj haiv neeg Amerindian vernaculars, tom qab ntawd ntau yam. Neeg African, hais los ntawm qhev, thiab thaum kawg cov lus ntawm tom qab European thiab Asian neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw. Txawm hais tias cov lus tseem yog feem ntau Portuguese, kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm yam lustshwm nyob rau hauv Brazilian lexicon, uas niaj hnub no suav nrog, piv txwv li:
- Pua pua ntawm Tupi-Guaranese cov lus hais txog cov tsiaj thiab tsiaj hauv zos. Txawm hais tias qee cov lus no muaj ntau dua hauv Brazil, lawv kuj tau siv hauv Portugal thiab lwm lub tebchaws uas hais lus Portuguese.
- Ntau tus neeg Asmeskas sab hnub poob Yoruba cov lus hais txog zaub mov, cov ntsiab lus kev ntseeg thiab kev hais suab paj nruag.
- lus Askiv los ntawm kev ua lag luam niaj hnub thiab kev lag luam.
- Arabic cov lus uas nkag mus rau hauv cov lus thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Arab conquest ntawm Iberian Island. Lawv muaj ntau rau Brazilians thiab Portuguese.
Cov lus qiv los ntawm Tupi Indian lus tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nyob hauv cov npe (cov npe chaw). Tsis tas li ntawd, Portuguese tau txais cov npe ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu pom hauv Brazil hauv hom lus no. Feem ntau cov npe tsiaj nyob hauv lub tebchaws uas hais lus Portuguese kuj yog Amerindian hauv keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lub npe Tupi-Guarani tsis yog qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm Native American cov lus, tab sis tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg nyob sab Europe thiab cov tub txib Jesuit, uas tau siv cov lus geral hauv thawj centuries ntawm colonization. Ntau cov lus Amelikas tau nkag mus rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus Portuguese thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 16th, thiab qee qhov thaum kawg tau qiv rau lwm yam lus European.
Los ntawm lub cuaj mus rau thaum ntxov thib kaum peb centuries, cov Portuguese tau yuav luag 800 lo lus los ntawmLus Arabic nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Moorish Iberia. Lawv feem ntau pom tau los ntawm thawj tsab ntawv Arabic "al". Cov lus no suav nrog ntau cov ntsiab lus dav dav xws li lub zos, cov roj txiv roj, tsev so. Yog li, hom lus ntawm Brazil muaj ntau qhov qiv nyiaj.
Languages of South America
Qhov tseeb, ob hom lus yog siv nyob rau hauv South America - Spanish thiab Portuguese, uas muaj feem xyuam nrog. Spanish tsis muaj xwm txheej hauv Brazil. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau kawm dav hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm qib siab thoob plaws tebchaws. Muaj kev sib txuas lus zoo sib xws. Yog li, Portuguese yog tib hom lus ntawm Brazil. Venezuela thiab Peru siv Spanish ua lawv hom lus. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg hais lus ntawm cov lus no hauv South America yog kwv yees li sib npaug.
Tsis zoo li lus Mev, Portuguese tau khaws cov ntawv hais lus qub ntawm ib sab, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes muaj ntau lub suab hloov tshiab ntawm qhov tsis paub meej (feem ntau yuav yog Celtic) keeb kwm. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lub suab, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev hais lus ntawm qee lub suab, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus qhib kaw ua rau nws nyob ze rau Fabkis thiab Catalan. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus ntawm Portuguese, nrog rau cov qauv sau ntawv, yog ze rau Spanish. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev hais lus ntawm cov vowels, cov neeg hais lus Portuguese nkag siab hais lus Mev zoo dua li lwm tus.
Nyob rau thaj chaw muaj zog Spanish, xws li yav qab teb Brazil, cov neeg hais lus Portuguese to taub lus Mev yuav luag tag. Hauv cheeb tsam zeUruguay, Paraguay thiab Bolivia, sib xyaw Portuguese-Spanish lus portuñol tau tshwm sim. Classical Castilian hais lus tsis nkag siab hais lus Portuguese zoo heev, txawm hais tias sau Portuguese feem ntau to taub txog cuaj caum feem pua.
Rau cov tub ntxhais kawm qib 7 uas muaj cov haujlwm hauv qab no hauv thaj chaw contour maps: "Sau npe rau hom lus ntawm Brazil, Venezuela thiab Peru", koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov no yog Mev thiab Portuguese.
