Fumaric acid yog ib yam ntawm cov khoom uas tsim nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm tib neeg thiab lwm yam tsiaj nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm natural metabolism. Nws cov tebchaw yog siv hauv tshuaj, kev ua liaj ua teb, zaub mov thiab tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam. Hauv qhov ntau, cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo - kev ua xua thiab plab hnyuv.
Kev piav qhia dav dav
Fumaric acid yog ib qho isomer ntawm ethylene-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid nyob rau hauv kev teeb tsa (nws muaj hydrocarbon substituents ntawm opposite sab ntawm C-C ob daim ntawv cog lus). Thawj zaug cov tshuaj no tau txais los ntawm succinic acid.
Empirical formula of fumaric acid: C4H4O4.
Nyob rau hauv tsos, cov khoom sib xyaw yog xim tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw crystalline hmoov.
Cov qauv qauv ntawm fumaric acid yog qhia hauv daim duab hauv qab no:
Acid muaj nyob hauv ntau cov nroj tsuag (European dodder, corydalis, poppy thiab lwm yam), lichens thiab fungi, thiab tseem tsim thaum lub sij hawm fermentation ntawm carbohydrates nyob rau hauv. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov fungus Aspergillus fumigatus (aspergillus fumigatus).
Properties
Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb ntawm fumaric acid yog raws li hauv qab no:
- Molecular hnyav - 116.07 a.u. e.m.
- Solubility: o hauv cawv - zoo; o nyob rau hauv dej thiab diethyl ether - qaug zog; o hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic - insoluble.
- Melting point - 296.4 °С.
- Boiling point - 165 °C.
Fumaric thiab maleic acids tau yooj yim txo rau succinic acid. Thaum oxidized nrog peroxide tebchaw, mesotartaric acid yog tsim, thaum interacting nrog cawv, mono- thiab diesters (fumarates) tshwm sim.
YBiochemistry
Fumaric acid muaj nyob hauv cov ntshav ntawm tus neeg noj qab haus huv ntawm qhov siab txog li 3 mg / l. Nws yog tsim los ua ib qho nruab nrab hauv lub voj voog tricarboxylic acid, thaum lub sij hawm synthesis ntawm urea thiab oxidation ntawm tej amino acids, thiab nyob rau hauv tib neeg daim tawv nqaij nyob rau hauv lub cuam tshuam ntawm ultraviolet hluav taws xob.
Fumarates ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg thaum lawv tshaib plab oxygen. Nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw nrog malic acid thiab glutamic acid ntsev, lawv nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm ATP thiab glycogen, lub ntsiab ntawm cov piam thaj khaws cia, lub zog thoob ntiaj teb rau cov hlwb. Hauv kev sim ntawm nas, nws tau pom tias cov tshuaj no nce lub sijhawm ntawm kev cog lus ntawm lub plawv thaum nws nyob ib leeg. Hauv kev poob siab hemorrhagic, fumarates pab kom muaj sia nyob ntawm cov tsiaj.
Synthesis
Tau txais fumaric acid hauvindustrial scale yog tsim los ntawm catalytic isomerization ntawm maleic acid nyob rau hauv aqueous tov. Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov cuab yeej no yog siv los ua ke cov kua qaub uas tsis muaj feem xyuam rau hauv kev lag luam khoom noj thiab khw muag tshuaj vim muaj cov ntsev hlau hnyav.
Cov zaub mov muaj kuab paug siab heev fumaric acid yog tsim los ntawm malic lossis tartaric acid. Txoj kev tsim cov khoom no yog txuam nrog kev nyuaj siab (yuav tsum tau siv zog ntau-theem purification) thiab kim dua. Qhov zoo ntawm kev fumaric acid feem ntau nyob ntawm qhov purity ntawm maleic acid, uas tau los ntawm cov txiv neej thiab phthalic anhydrides.
Daim ntawv thov
Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, kua qaub yog siv los tsim cov tshuaj hauv qab no:
- polyester resin;
- synthetic drying oil;
- plasticizers;
Hauv kev lag luam khoom noj (ntxiv E297) nws yog siv los ua cov kua qaub (hloov rau citric thiab tartaric acid) hauv kev npaj dej qab zib, khoom qab zib thiab pastries. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws noj yog tsawg tshaj li cov analogues. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom noj additive yog tswj raws li GOST 33269-2015.
Tshuaj
Hauv tshuaj, cov tshuaj no yog siv rau cov laj thawj hauv qab no:
- dimethyl ether (dimethyl fumarate) - kev kho mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij pathologies (psoriasis, lichen), ntau yam sclerosis, baldness, kab mob granulomatous; fungicidal, tshuaj tua kab mobkev kho mob;
- fumaric acid sodium ntsev - infusion npaj, crystalloid ntshav hloov nrog antihypoxic, tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant (siv rau gastroduodenal los ntshav, peritonitis, mob hnyav thermal, phais mob plawv, mob plawv mob, hypovolemia, mob ntshav siab, intoxication);
- lwm cov khoom siv - kev qab los noj mov, tshuaj tranquilizers, radiopaque agents, tshuaj rhinitis.
Ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm pab pawg thib ob, Mafusol, Mexidol, Konfumin thiab Polyoxyfumarin pom cov ntawv thov zoo tshaj plaws.
Kev sim tshuaj ntawm kev npaj fumaric acid tseem tab tom ua haujlwm rau kev kho mob xws li:
- malignant neoplasms;
- Huntington's chorea;
- HIV;
- malaria.
Kev sim ntawm cov tsiaj tau pom tias 1% kua qaub uas tau noj nrog zaub mov rau lub sijhawm ntev ua rau txo qis kev ua haujlwm ntawm carcinogens.
Fumaric acid txo cov acidity ntawm lub plab thiab cuam tshuam rau microflora ntawm txoj hnyuv. Nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv, nws tsim ib tug me ntsis acidic ib puag ncig, uas inhibits kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic thiab tsim cov kev pab cuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm lacto-, bifidus- thiab acidobacteria. Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tau txais cov kua qaub uas muaj kuab heev rau kev siv tshuaj thiab hauv kev tsim cov khoom noj khoom haus, cov tshuaj no tsis tshua siv.
Agriculture
Nyob deb debHauv kev ua liaj ua teb, fumaric acid yog siv los ua ib qho ntxiv hauv cov zaub mov tsiaj rau cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- txhim kho metabolism hauv cov xwm txheej ntxhov siab;
- nce pub digestibility, nce qab los;
- txhawb cov leeg nqaij, ua kom cov pob txha tsim thiab tsim qe hauv cov nqaij qaib (tsis yog hormonal anabolic);
- nce lub cev tiv thaiv thaum lub sijhawm muaj kab mob loj thiab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv;
- normalization ntawm plab hnyuv flora, tiv thaiv kab mob fungal thiab kab mob.
Fumaric acid ua kom nrawm tsim ntawm ATP, txhawb nqa cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab ascorbic acid, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj antioxidants tseem ceeb.
Kev puas tsuaj
Cov kua qaub zoo purified muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv. Qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm fumaric acid feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov tuam txhab tsis raug cai siv cov khoom lag luam zoo uas muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg tsis huv ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cov ntsev hnyav hlau.
Dimethyl fumarate kuj yog siv los ua biocide pheej yig los tiv thaiv cov rooj tog tawv thiab khau los ntawm cov kab mob fungal thaum thauj khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv lub peev xwm no, cov kua qaub tuaj yeem ua rau cov tawv nqaij ua xua hnyav. Yog li, hauv Finland thiab UK, ntau tshaj li ib txhiab tus neeg tau txais kev pab tau thov nyiaj pab them nqi kho mob thaum yuav cov rooj tog hauv Suav teb. Txij li xyoo 2008, cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe tau qhia txog kev txwv tsis pub muag cov khau thiab rooj tog impregnated nrog dimethyl fumarate.
