Txoj kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb yog ib txoj hauv kev paub txog lub hom phiaj kev muaj tiag. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog qee cov txheej txheem, kev ua, kev ua haujlwm. Muab tso rau hauv tus account cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab, txoj kev ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab humanitarian kev tshawb fawb thiab natural science yog txawv.
Kev faib tawm
Txoj kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb tau muab faib ua kev tshawb fawb:
- kho mob;
- math;
- socio-economic;
- biological;
- legal.
Muab rau hauv tus account theem ntawm kev paub, theoretical, empirical, meta-subject theem yog qhov txawv. Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm hom empirical yog piav qhia, kev soj ntsuam, ntsuas, suav, kuaj, nug daim ntawv nug, qauv, sim, xam phaj.
Ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev npaj theoretical, abstraction, formalization, axiom, synthesis, analogy, deduction, induction. Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm qib metatheoretical yog metaphysics, dialectics.
Sib faib los ntawm qib ntawm kev dav
Scoj mus rau hauv tus account lub Scope ntawm kev siv thiab cov degree ntawm generality, lawv txawv:
- philosophical (general), uas muaj feem xyuam rau txhua yam kev tshawb fawb, ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev paub;
- dav dav scientific, siv nyob rau hauv lub ntuj, humanitarian, technical fields;
- private, siv rau lwm yam kev tshawb fawb;
- tshwj xeeb, tsim rau thaj chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm kev paub txog txuj ci.
nqe lus tseem ceeb
Txoj kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb yog cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem thiab txheej txheem ntawm kev paub txog txuj ci. Cov txheej txheem tshawb fawb yog cov lej ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb rau kev siv ib txoj hauv kev. Cov txheej txheem tshawb fawb yog ib ntu ntawm kev ua, ib qho txawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tshawb fawb ncaj qha. Methodology yog qhov suav ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev paub. Txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav hauv qee txoj hauv kev thiab cov txheej txheem, suav nrog cov cai tshwj xeeb.
Methodology
Nws muaj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, cov txheej txheem. Lub tswv yim no yog siv ob lub ntsiab lus:
- cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj hauv kev uas tau siv rau hauv qee qhov haujlwm: kev nom kev tswv, kev tshawb fawb;
- cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev paub txog kev paub.
Txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb muaj nws tus kheej txoj hauv kev. Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb, nws yog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov cai, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, cov tswv yim uas yog npaj rau kev daws teeb meem zoo ntawm kev txawj ntse.
Methodology qib
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev kawm tshwj xeeb uas tso cai rau koj los qhia thiab txhim kho cov tiam tom ntej. Cov txheej txheem hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:
- feem ntau, uas yog universal rau txhua yam kev tshawb fawb, cov ntsiab lus uas suav nrog kev tshawb fawb dav dav thiab kev xav ntawm kev paub;
- tus txheej txheem ntiag tug yog qhov raug rau kev tshawb fawb dav dav ntawm kev paub, piv txwv li, rau lub xeev-kev cai lij choj tshwm sim;
- txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm qee yam kev tshawb fawb, uas yog ua raws li kev tshawb fawb dav dav, kev xav, tshwj xeeb, kev paub ntiag tug ntawm kev paub, piv txwv li, theoretical hauv paus ntawm kev kho pedagogy.
Txoj kev xav
Txoj kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb ntawm txoj kev npaj tswv yim yog cov txheej txheem metaphysical thiab dialectical. Lawv yog txuam nrog txawv philosophical systems. Piv txwv li, Goethe ua ke nrog txoj kev xav, Marx nrog materialism.
Dialectics, thaum xav txog qhov tshwm sim thiab cov khoom, pom zoo ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb:
- kawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm txoj cai dialectical: kev sib sau thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam, kev tsis pom zoo ntawm kev tsis pom zoo, kev hloov pauv ntawm ntau qhov kev hloov pauv mus rau qhov zoo;
- piav qhia, piav qhia, kwv yees cov txheej txheem thiab qhov tshwm sim raws li kev xav, raws li kev xav hauv pawg: tshwj xeeb, dav dav, ib leeg, tshwm sim thiab qhov tseem ceeb, qhov tshwm sim thiab ua rau, tsis raug thiab tsim nyog;
- kho qhov khoom raws li kev kawm raws li lub hom phiaj kev muaj tiag;
- los xav txog qhov tshwm sim thiab cov khoom: hauv kev txhim kho, hloov pauv;
- test hauv kev xyaum qhov kev paub tau.
Txoj kev tshawb fawb dav dav
Txoj kev dav dav thiab tshwj xeeb tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg. Ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb dav davtheoretical, general logic, empirical. Synthesis, tsom xam, txiav tawm, induction, analogy yog suav tias yog cov kev xaiv dav dav. Lawv nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv niaj hnub pedagogy. Kev tshuaj xyuas yog kev faib ua feem ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev kawm. Piv txwv li, kev qhia tshwj xeeb yog qhov txawv rau txhua qhov kev kawm uas suav nrog hauv kev qhia hauv tsev.
Kev faib tawm thiab ncua sij hawm raug sau tseg raws li ntau yam kev tshuaj xyuas. Lawv tau siv dav hauv natural sciences. Piv txwv li, thaum xav txog cov tshuaj inorganic, cov tub ntxhais kawm paub txog cov chav kawm ib leeg, muab txhua tus piav qhia.
Synthesis yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib cais, ntu ntawm cov khoom txheeb xyuas rau hauv ib qho tag nrho. Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb yog qhov txawv ntawm txhua qhov chaw, lawv nyob ntawm nws qhov tshwj xeeb thiab lub hom phiaj.
Induction thiab txiav tawm
Ntawm cov tswv yim thiab cov txheej txheem, yam tsis muaj qhov nyuaj rau kev xav txog kev kawm, peb ib leeg tawm induction thiab txiav tawm.
Induction yog qhov muab los ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev xav dav dav, kev txav hauv kev tshawb fawb los ntawm cov kev cai dav dav rau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom.
Txoj kev ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws tshwj xeeb koom nrog "kev muab" qee lub tswv yim los ntawm lwm qhov kev xav. Qhov kev sib piv, uas suav nrog kev tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov tshwm sim thiab cov khoom siv raws li qhov tseeb tias lawv muaj qhov sib xws nrog lwm yam khoom, yog siv rau hauv kev qhia txog kev qhuab qhia, nrog rau hauv kev kawm txuj ci.
Ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm qib theoretical uas cov kws qhia siv hauv lawv txoj haujlwm, txaus siab rauhypothetical, axiomatic hom, nrog rau kev tsom xam, kev nthuav dav.
Txoj kev axiomatic yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb, suav nrog qhov tseeb tias postulates tau txais yam tsis muaj pov thawj, ces lwm yam kev paub raug txiav tawm los ntawm lawv raws li cov cai tshwj xeeb.
Ib txoj kev xav yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb siv qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb, qhov kev xav ntawm qhov ua rau tus cwj pwm zoo li no lossis piav qhia txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm ib qho khoom (qhov tshwm sim). Txoj kev tshawb fawb hypothetical-deductive ua haujlwm raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj kev, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm deductively interconnected hypotheses, los ntawm cov nqe lus hais txog empirical qauv yog muab los.
qauv ntawm txoj kev xav-kev txiav tawm
Vim nws yog siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub pedagogy, cia peb nyob rau hauv kom meej ntxiv. Nws cov qauv suav nrog:
- tawm tswv yim txog cov qauv thiab ua rau ntawm cov khoom txheeb xyuas thiab cov txheej txheem;
- xaiv cov feem ntau yuav los ntawm ntau yam kev kwv yees;
- inferring los ntawm kev txiav tawm ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm qhov xaus;
- xov xwm lees paub qhov tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kev xav.
Yuav ua li cas lwm txoj kev qhia tshwj xeeb uas tam sim no siv hauv kev qhia hauv tsev?
Formalization yog qhov tso tawm ntawm ib qho khoom lossis qhov tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv cim. Qhov no muaj feem xyuam rau hauv chemistry, lej, logic thaum kawm cov ncauj lus ntawm tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Kev siv cov lus dag formalized pab txhawb kev tshem tawmQhov tsis zoo ntawm cov lus ntuj: qhov tsis raug, tsis meej pem, tsis meej pem.
Tsis txhob xav txog ib yam khoom ntawm kev kawm, formalization ua haujlwm nrog cov qauv. Piv txwv li, hauv chemistry, siv qhov sib npaug, lawv txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv, npaj cov synthesis ntawm tau txais cov ntsiab lus nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab lub cev.
Formalization yog lub hauv paus ntawm programming thiab algorithmization. Nrog kev pab los ntawm txoj kev no, cov ntaub ntawv yog computerized, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev paub yuav tshwm sim.
Txoj kev paub daws teeb meem
Abstracting yog ib qho piv txwv los ntawm qee cov khoom thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ncauj lus hauv qab kev txiav txim siab, qhia txog cov khoom uas nyiam tus kws tshawb fawb.
Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm abstraction, kev sib txuas theem nrab thiab cov khoom ntawm cov txheej txheem (qhov tshwm sim) nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab yog cais los ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Muaj ntau ntau hom kev paub daws teeb meem:
- kev txheeb xyuas, uas txhais tau hais tias kev faib cov kev sib raug zoo thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab, kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom rau hauv ib chav cais;
- kev cais tawm, hais txog kev xaiv ntawm qee qhov kev sib raug zoo thiab cov khoom, xav tias lawv yog cov kev kawm ywj pheej ntawm kev kawm.
Tseem muaj lwm yam kev paub daws teeb meem: qhov tseeb infinity, muaj peev xwm ua tau.
Generalization yog ib txoj hauv kev tsim kev sib raug zoo thiab cov khoom ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab cov khoom, nthuav tawm lub ntsiab lus dav dav uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm chav kawm tshuaj ntsuam. Txoj kev tshawb fawb noyog raws li philosophical pawg ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb, dav, cov lus.
Cov txheej txheem keeb kwm muaj nyob rau hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov cim keeb kwm, rov tsim cov txheej txheem raws li lawv, nrog rau kev nthuav tawm cov laj thawj ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv kev txiav txim siab.
Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub kaw lus, uas yog, kev txiav txim siab ntawm qee yam ntawm cov khoom zoo lossis cov khoom siv, lawv cov kev sib txuas nrog lub ntiaj teb sab nraud. Cov kev sib cuam tshuam thiab kev sib raug zoo no ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab uas tsis tuaj ntawm nws cov khoom.
Zoo kawg
Kev tshawb fawb yog lub hauv paus rau kev tsom xam, kev kawm, kev tsim cov qauv tshwm sim hauv qhov xwm txheej, thev naus laus zis, kev ua neej nyob. Piv txwv li, cov kev txaus siab: kev ntsuas, kev soj ntsuam, kev sim, kev piav qhia, qauv, kev sib piv. Kev soj ntsuam implies ib txoj kev cognition raws li kev xaav ncaj qha ntawm phenomena thiab cov khoom los ntawm kev hnov qhov kev xav. Raws li ib feem ntawm kev soj ntsuam, tus kws tshawb fawb tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov yam ntxwv sab nraud ntawm cov khoom (qhov tshwm sim). Cov lus piav qhia yog txuam nrog lawv fixation, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ntsuas los yog kev soj ntsuam. Muaj ntau hom kev piav qhia. Nrog ncaj qha, tus kws tshawb fawb qhia thiab pom cov cim ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev xav. Hauv daim ntawv kho kom haum, nws sau cov cim uas tau pom los ntawm lwm tus neeg.
Txoj kev sim tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Nws suav nrog kev tsim tawm ntawm cov txheej txheem, qhov tshwm sim, nrog rau kev xav (kev xav). Cov haujlwm tshawb fawb tsis txwv rau cov chaw tshawb fawb thiab cov tsev kawm qib siab. Raws li ib feem ntawm kev hloov kho cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, hom kev tshawb fawb no tau siv dav hauv kev cob qhia thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tshawb fawb kawm paub yuav ua li cas nws tus kheej ua qhov kev sim me me, sau lawv cov txiaj ntsig, thiab tshuaj xyuas lawv.
FGOS ntawm tiam tshiab, siv nyob rau hauv preschool thiab tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias teb sab kev kawm, yuav tsum tau yuav tsum tau siv txoj kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev kawm. Tam sim no, muaj ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb, ua tsaug rau cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom tau piav qhia hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, cov txheej txheem tshiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv pedagogy, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws tau txhim kho. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev xav txog kev txhim kho tag nrho ntawm tib neeg, tsim cov tub ntxhais hluas yam tsis muaj kev siv ntau yam txuj ci hauv kev kawm.
