Acidic cov khoom yog cov uas tau tshaj tawm hauv ib puag ncig. Muaj ib tug ntawm lawv. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau txiav txim siab cov kua qaub ntawm cov cawv thiab lwm cov tshuaj, tsis yog tsuas yog qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab hauv lawv. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev paub txog cov khoom nyob hauv kev kawm.
Muaj ntau qhov kev sim rau cov kua qaub. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - immersion nyob rau hauv cov khoom qhia - litmus ntawv, uas reacts rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm hydrogen, tig liab los yog blushing. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov xim saturated ntau pom muaj zog acid. Thiab vice versa.
Acidic zog nce ntxiv nrog rau qhov nce hauv radii ntawm qhov tsis zoo ions thiab, yog li, lub atom. Qhov no muab yooj yim detachment ntawm hydrogen hais. Qhov zoo no yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov acids muaj zog.
Muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kua qaub tshaj plaws. Cov no suav nrog:
- dissociation (tawm ntawm hydrogen cation);
- decomposition (tsim cov kua qaub oxide thiab dej nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias);
- kev cuam tshuam nrog hydroxides (raws li cov dej thiab ntsev tsim);
- kev cuam tshuam nrog oxides (yog li ntawd, thiabntsev thiab dej yog tsim);
- kev cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau ua ntej hydrogen hauv cov haujlwm ua haujlwm (ntsev thiab dej tau tsim, qee zaum nrog cov roj evolution);
- kev sib cuam tshuam nrog ntsev (tsuas yog cov kua qaub muaj zog tshaj qhov uas tsim cov ntsev).
Feem ntau cov kws tshuaj yuav tsum ua lawv cov kua qaub. Muaj ob txoj hauv kev kom lawv tawm. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog sib tov acidic oxide nrog dej. Txoj kev no yog siv feem ntau. Thiab qhov thib ob yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua qaub uas muaj zog nrog cov ntsev tsis muaj zog. Nws siv tsawg zaus.
Nws paub tias ntau cov organic tseem muaj cov kua qaub. Lawv tuaj yeem nthuav tawm muaj zog lossis tsis muaj zog nyob ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov nuclei ntawm atoms. Piv txwv li, cov kua qaub ntawm cov cawv tau tshwm sim hauv lub peev xwm los faib tawm hydrogen cation thaum cuam tshuam nrog alkalis thiab hlau.
Alcoholates - ntsev ntawm cawv - muaj peev xwm hydrolyze nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm dej thiab tso cawv nrog hlau hydroxide. Qhov no ua pov thawj tias cov kua qaub ntawm cov khoom no tsis muaj zog dua li cov dej. Yog li ntawd, ib puag ncig tau nthuav tawm ntau zog hauv lawv.
Lub zog acidic ntawm phenol muaj zog ntau dua vim muaj qhov polarity ntau ntxiv ntawm OH compound. Yog li, cov khoom no tuaj yeem ua rau lub ntiaj teb alkaline thiab alkali hlau hydroxides. Yog li ntawd, ntsev - phenolates yog tsim. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov phenol, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo nrog hlau (III) chloride, uas cov khoom tau txais cov xim xiav-violet.
Yog li, cov kua qaub hauv cov khoom sib txawv tshwm sim lawv tus kheej hauv tib txoj kev, tab sis nrog qhov sib txawv, uas nyob ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov nuclei thiab polarity ntawm hydrogen bonds. Lawv pab txiav txim siab ib puag ncig ntawm ib yam khoom thiab nws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nrog rau cov khoom no, kuj tseem muaj cov hauv paus, uas nce nrog qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm thawj zaug.
Txhua tus yam ntxwv no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov khoom nyuaj thiab tsim ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig peb. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog nyob ntawm lawv cov nuj nqis uas ntau cov txheej txheem tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov kab mob. Yog li ntawd, acidic zog yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev, yog tsis muaj lawv lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yuav ua tsis tau.
