Lub zog tsis muaj zog yog ib qho ntawm plaub lub zog tseem ceeb uas tswj hwm txhua yam hauv lub qab ntuj khwb. Lwm qhov peb yog lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, electromagnetism, thiab lub zog muaj zog. Thaum lwm lub zog tuav cov khoom ua ke, lub zog tsis muaj zog ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev rhuav tshem lawv.
Lub zog tsis muaj zog yog qhov muaj zog tshaj lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, tab sis nws siv tau tsuas yog nyob deb heev. Lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm qib subatomic thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev muab lub zog rau lub hnub qub thiab tsim cov ntsiab lus. Nws tseem yog lub luag haujlwm rau feem ntau ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntuj hauv lub ntiaj teb.
Fermi Theory
Italian physicist Enrico Fermi tau tsim ib txoj kev xav hauv xyoo 1933 los piav qhia txog beta decay, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov neutron rau hauv proton thiab tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob, feem ntau hu rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no raws li beta particle. Nws tau txheeb xyuas ib hom kev quab yuam tshiab, lub zog uas tsis muaj zog, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev lwj, cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neutron rau hauv proton, neutrino thiab electron, uas tom qab ntawd tau txheeb xyuas tias yog antineutrino.
Fermi originallyxav tias muaj pes tsawg qhov deb thiab adhesion. Ob qhov khoom yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag rau lub zog ua hauj lwm. Txij li thaum nws tau tshwm sim tias lub zog tsis muaj zog yog qhov ua tau zoo zog uas tshwm sim nws tus kheej dhau qhov kev ncua deb, sib npaug li 0.1% ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm ib qho proton.
Electroweak force
Hauv cov hluav taws xob tawg, lub zog tsis muaj zog yog kwv yees li 100,000 npaug me dua li lub zog hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no nws paub tias yog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm electromagnetic, thiab ob qhov pom tseeb txawv tshwm sim tau xav tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv ua ke ntawm lub zog ntau dua 100 GeV.
Qee zaum lawv hais tias kev sib cuam tshuam tsis muaj zog yog tshwm sim hauv kev lwj ntawm cov molecules. Txawm li cas los xij, lub zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob yog cov hluav taws xob electrostatic. Lawv tau nrhiav pom los ntawm van der Waals thiab tuav nws lub npe.
qauv qauv
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv physics yog ib feem ntawm tus qauv qauv - txoj kev xav ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, uas piav qhia txog cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb meem uas siv cov kev sib npaug zoo nkauj. Raws li cov qauv no, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, uas yog, uas tsis tuaj yeem muab faib ua qhov me me, yog lub tsev thaiv ntawm ntug.
Ib qho ntawm cov khoom no yog quark. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis xav tias muaj dab tsi tsawg dua, tab sis lawv tseem tab tom nrhiav. Muaj 6 hom lossis ntau yam ntawm quarks. Cia peb muab lawv nyob rau hauv kev txiav tximloj nce:
- top;
- qis;
- weird;
- nco;
- true.
Nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev sib txuas, lawv tsim ntau yam sib txawv ntawm subatomic hais. Piv txwv li, protons thiab neutrons - cov khoom loj ntawm lub atomic nucleus - txhua qhov muaj peb quarks. Ob sab saum toj thiab hauv qab ua ib tug proton. Sab saum toj ib thiab ob sab hauv qab tsim ib lub neutron. Hloov hom quark tuaj yeem hloov cov proton rau hauv neutron, yog li tig ib lub caij mus rau lwm qhov.
Lwm yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog boson. Cov khoom no yog cov khoom sib cuam tshuam, uas muaj cov kab hluav taws xob muaj zog. Photons yog ib hom boson, gluons yog lwm yam. Txhua ntawm plaub lub zog no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib pauv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam cov neeg nqa khoom. Kev sib cuam tshuam muaj zog yog ua los ntawm gluon, thiab electromagnetic cuam tshuam los ntawm photon. Lub graviton yog theoretically tus cab kuj ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, tab sis nws tsis tau pom.
W- thiab Z-bosons
Kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo yog nqa los ntawm W- thiab Z-bosons. Cov khoom no tau kwv yees los ntawm Nobel laureates Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Salam thiab Abdus Gleshow hauv 1960s thiab nrhiav pom hauv 1983 ntawm European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN.
W-bosons raug them hluav taws xob thiab suav nrog cov cim W+ (them nqi zoo) thiab W- (tsis raug them). W-boson hloov qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom. Los ntawm emitting ib qho hluav taws xob them W boson, lub zog tsis muaj zog hloov cov quark, ua ib qho proton.mus rau hauv ib tug neutron los yog vice versa. Qhov no yog qhov ua rau nuclear fusion thiab ua rau cov hnub qub hlawv.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tsim cov ntsiab lus hnyav uas thaum kawg tau muab pov rau hauv qhov chaw los ntawm supernova tawg los ua lub tsev thaiv ntawm cov ntiaj chaw, nroj tsuag, tib neeg thiab txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb.
Neutral Current
Z-boson yog nruab nrab thiab nqa qhov tsis muaj zog tam sim no. Nws kev cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom yog qhov nyuaj rau kev txheeb xyuas. Kev sim tshawb nrhiav rau W- thiab Z-bosons hauv xyoo 1960 tau coj cov kws tshawb fawb mus rau txoj kev xav uas sib txuas cov hluav taws xob thiab lub zog tsis muaj zog rau hauv ib qho "electroweak". Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev xav xav kom cov khoom thauj khoom hnyav, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb paub tias qhov kev xav ntawm W boson yuav tsum hnyav los piav qhia nws qhov luv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau suav tias qhov loj W rau qhov tsis pom kev hu ua Higgs mechanism, uas muab rau lub neej ntawm Higgs boson.
Nyob rau xyoo 2012, CERN tau tshaj tawm tias cov kws tshawb fawb siv lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws accelerator, Loj Hadron Collider, tau pom ib qho tshiab "sib raug rau Higgs boson."
Beta Decay
Kev sib cuam tshuam tsis muaj zog yog tshwm sim hauv β- lwj - cov txheej txheem uas proton hloov mus rau hauv neutron thiab rov ua dua. Nws tshwm sim thaum, nyob rau hauv ib lub nucleus uas muaj ntau neutrons los yog protons, ib tug ntawm lawv hloov mus rau lwm yam.
Beta lwj tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm ob txoj hauv kev:
- Nyob rau hauv minus-beta lwj, qee zaum sau liβ− -decay, the neutron splits into a proton, an antineutrino thiab electron.
- Kev sib cuam tshuam tsis muaj zog yog tshwm sim hauv kev lwj ntawm atomic nuclei, qee zaum sau ua β+-kev lwj, thaum lub proton tawg rau hauv neutron, neutrino thiab positron.
Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem hloov mus rau lwm qhov thaum ib qho ntawm nws cov neutrons spontaneously hloov mus rau hauv proton los ntawm kev tshem tawm-beta lwj, lossis thaum ib qho ntawm nws cov protons hloov pauv mus rau hauv neutron los ntawm β+- lwj.
Ob chav beta decay tshwm sim thaum 2 protons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ib txhij hloov mus rau hauv 2 neutrons los yog vice versa, ua rau lub emission ntawm 2 electron-antineutrinos thiab 2 beta hais. Nyob rau hauv qhov hypothetical neutrinoless ob beta lwj, neutrinos tsis raug tsim.
Electronic capture
Ib tug proton tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv neutron los ntawm cov txheej txheem hu ua electron capture lossis K-capture. Thaum lub nucleus muaj ntau tshaj ntawm cov protons txheeb ze rau tus naj npawb ntawm neutrons, lub electron, raws li txoj cai, los ntawm lub puab electron plhaub zoo li poob rau hauv lub nucleus. Lub electron ntawm lub orbital yog ntes los ntawm niam txiv nucleus, cov khoom uas yog tus ntxhais nucleus thiab neutrino. Tus naj npawb atomic ntawm tus ntxhais nucleus txo qis los ntawm 1, tab sis tag nrho cov protons thiab neutrons tseem zoo ib yam.
Fusion reaction
Lub zog tsis muaj zog yog koom nrog hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm nuclear, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ua rau lub hnub thiab fusion (hydrogen) foob pob.
Thawj kauj ruam hauv hydrogen fusion yog kev sib tsoo ntawm obprotons nrog lub zog txaus los kov yeej kev sib nrig sib repulsion uas lawv tau ntsib vim lawv cov electromagnetic cuam tshuam.
Yog tias ob qho tib si muab tso ze rau ib leeg, kev sib cuam tshuam muaj zog tuaj yeem khi lawv. Qhov no tsim ib daim ntawv tsis ruaj khov ntawm helium (2 Nws), uas muaj ib lub nucleus nrog ob protons, as opposed to the ruaj khov daim ntawv ( 4 Nws), uas muaj ob lub neutrons thiab ob protons.
kauj ruam tom ntej yog kev sib cuam tshuam tsis muaj zog. Vim muaj ntau tshaj ntawm protons, ib tug ntawm lawv undergoes beta lwj. Tom qab ntawd, lwm yam kev cuam tshuam, suav nrog kev tsim nruab nrab thiab fusion 3 Nws, nws thiaj li tsim tau ruaj khov 4He.
