Cov txheej txheem ntau yam thiab nyuaj ntawm keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg thiab kab lis kev cai niaj hnub nyiam cov neeg tshawb fawb ntawm ntau xyoo. Ntau pua xyoo keeb kwm ntawm Ukrainian lub teb chaws tau ua kom nws muaj peev xwm tsim nws tus kheej cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai.
Keeb kwm. Trypillia kab lis kev cai
Keeb kwm ntawm Ukrainian kab lis kev cai hnub rov qab mus rau 4 xyoo txhiab BC. e. Nws yog rau lub sijhawm no uas cov kws tshawb fawb ntaus nqi lub hnub qub ntawm Trypillia kab lis kev cai. Thawj cov neeg nyob hauv Ukrainian av yog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab nyuj yug tsiaj. Lawv tau cog qoob loo, tsa nyuj, thiab ua ntau yam khoom siv tes ua.
Trypillians nyob hauv lub nroog loj, cov naj npawb uas muaj txog 10 txhiab tus neeg nyob. Lawv pe hawm lawv tus vajtswv, khaws lawv daim calendar, saib tsis tu ncua kev txav ntawm lub cev xilethi-aus.
Ukraine nruab nrab ntawm qhov qub thiab lub sijhawm tshiab
Cimmerians nyob thaj tsam ntawm niaj hnub Ukraine nyob rau hauv lub 9th-7th centuries. BC. Nomadic pab pawg neeg no tsis muaj kev txhim kho kab lis kev cai, tawm hauv qab ntau cov lus ceeb toom. Cov lauj kaub tais diav thiab tooj liab cov khoom ntawm Cimmerians, uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, xav tsis thoobsubtlety ntawm kev ua hauj lwm thiab elegance ntawm kev ua tiav txawm rau sophisticated connoisseurs.
Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Ukraine tau txais lub zog muaj zog thaum lub caij ntuj sov ntawm lub xeev Scythian. Archaeologists pom ntau yam kev kos duab thiab khoom siv hauv tsev thaum khawb ntawm Scythian faus mounds. Lub heyday ntawm lub xeev Scythian ntog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 4th BC. e. Tom qab ntawd, lub xeev Scythian tau kov yeej thiab assimilated los ntawm Sarmatians. Cultural monuments ntawm Ukraine lub sij hawm ntawd yog ceramics, hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua los ntawm precious hlau, riam phom.
Cov qauv muaj lub cim zoomorphic - cov Scythians nqis los ntawm ntau yam tsiaj tiag thiab mythical. Ntawm cov tsiaj uas lawv hwm yog nees, tshis, mos lwj thiab txawm tias griffins.
Cov Scythians thiab Sarmatians muaj kev lag luam thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog Greek cov cai uas tau vam meej nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Dub. Nws yog los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm Greeks uas niaj hnub kos cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian thaum ub ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Lub nroog Greek twb poob qis los ntawm lub xyoo pua 5 AD. e., thaum lub xeev Slavic tshiab pib tsim - Kievan Rus.
kab lis kev cai ntawm Kievan Rus
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st, kev vam meej ntawm Eastern Slavs pib tsim. Cov pab pawg me koom ua ke hauv kev sib koom ua ke, lub nroog thiab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tau tshwm sim. Peb cov yawg koob yeej paub qhov xwm txheej ntawm lawv thaj av, pe hawm lawv tej vajtswv. Txawm hais tias ua ntej kev txais yuav cov ntseeg Vajtswv, cov Slavs tau tsim architecture, muaj cov lus sau thiab cov kev ntseeg uas piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab cov xwm txheej ntuj tsim.
Kievan Rus muaj nyob rau hauv 9th-13th centuries. haiv neegUkraine kos nws keeb kwm precisely los ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lub xeev zoo. Ua ke nrog cov ntseeg Vajtswv, kev sau ntawv tuaj rau cov tebchaws no, kev lag luam thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm lub tebchaws tau txhawb nqa. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Ukraine ntawm lub era ntawm Kievan Rus paub rau peb ua tsaug rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, zoo kawg li piv txwv ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab secular architecture, iconography thiab cov lus dab neeg ntawm qhov ncauj. Lub Cathedral ntawm St. Sophia nyob rau hauv Kyiv hnub rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm Kievan Rus - ib tug zoo piv txwv ntawm ancient Ukrainian architecture.
Txoj kev cuam tshuam tsis tu ncua ntawm nomads thiab ntshav kev sib cav sib ceg tau hloov lub teb chaws zoo rau ntau lub hauv paus me me. Yog li Kievan Rus tau tso tseg.
Kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Ukraine hauv 14th-17th centuries
Feem ntau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Ukraine nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th tau los ua ib feem ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lithuania. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia tau muab lub zog rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem kev kawm thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv Lithuanian tus thawj tswj hwm.
Tus Bulgarian Ivan Fedorov tau los ua thawj phau ntawv luam ntawv hauv Ukraine. Tom qab kawm paub typography nyob rau hauv Moscow, nws tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Ukraine nyob rau hauv 1566, qhov chaw uas nws nrhiav tau thawj lub tsev luam ntawv nyob rau hauv Zabludovo. Lub sijhawm xyoo no, thawj phau ntawv Ukrainian tau luam tawm - "Abetka" thiab "The Teaching Gospel". Tom qab ntawd, ib ceg tau qhib hauv Ostrog. Nws tau nto moo rau qhov tseeb tias phau Vajlugkub Ostrog tau luam tawm muaj.
Ukrainian architecture tau hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm no. Cov ntsiab lus tiv thaiv ploj hauv cov tsev thiab castles, castles ua kom xis nyob thiab dav. Cov vaj tse qub raug kho dua tshiab, ntoo raug hloovpob zeb.
Cov kev hloov tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim hauv Ukrainian icon painting. Ukrainian icon tau txais nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv, cov duab ua kom sov thiab tib neeg. Ntau txhua hnub thiab ib hom ntawv tshwm sim hauv kev pleev xim.
Kev Kawm hauv Ukraine
Kev txhim kho ntawm kab lis kev cai hauv Ukraine tom qab kev vau ntawm Lithuanian tus thawj tswj hwm tau qeeb me ntsis. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias feem ntau ntawm cov Ukrainian av tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub Commonwe alth. Ukrainian kab lis kev cai thiab lub Koom Txoos Orthodox pib los nyob rau hauv lub siab los ntawm lub Polish tub ceev xwm. Thaum lub sij hawm no, ib hom ntawv nyeem tshwj xeeb tau tshwm sim - cov ntawv sau keeb kwm, uas cov kws sau ntawv Ukrainian tiv thaiv lawv lub tebchaws thiab kev ntseeg tseeb. Qib ntawm kev kawm nce, ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm theological tau tsim, thiab xyoo 1701 Kiev-Mohyla Academy, thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm Eastern Slavs, tau tsim.
Ukrainian Baroque
Lub zog rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm Ukrainian lub teb chaws yog lub teb chaws kiv puag ncig xyoo 1648-1676. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Ukraine nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th yog characterized los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb artistic style, hu ua "Ukrainian Baroque". Kev kos duab ntawm cov qauv no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm dynamism, lub siab nyiam rau kev hais lus, pomp thiab ua yeeb yam ntawm kev muaj tiag.
Ukrainian kab lis kev cai ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th
Architectural kab lis kev cai monuments ntawm Ukraine muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm no tshwj xeeb style, uas ntse ua ke cov European style nrog cov kev cai ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture. Cov piv txwv zoo ntawm Ukrainian baroqueHauv architecture yog Intercession Cathedral hauv Kharkiv thiab St. George lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Vydubitsky Monastery hauv Kyiv.
Painting ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th qhia txog kev coj ua thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Baroque style - nplua nuj decorations, gilding thiab complex semantic muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov qauv no kuj cuam tshuam rau lub icon painting. Nyob rau hauv cov dluab, cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub Ukrainian haiv neeg hom yog pom, keeb kwm cov nuj nqis kuj iconized. Lub tsev kawm ntawv kos duab icon qhib hauv Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai hauv Ukraine yog tsis yooj yim sua xav txog yam tsis muaj kev sau ntawv zoo ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov lus qhia tshiab tshwm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv: nyob rau hauv sib piv rau dogmatic kev cai dab qhuas cov ntaub ntawv, secular tej hauj lwm ntawm ntau yam yog tsim - satire, epigram, paj huam thiab lwm yam. Tus naas ej "Aeneid" los ntawm Kotlyarevsky, lub odes ntawm G. Skovoroda thiab scientific tej hauj lwm ntawm F. Prokopovich belongs rau lub sij hawm no.
Zoo li, peb tuaj yeem hais tias kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Ukraine nyob rau xyoo pua 17-18 tau txais cua thib ob thiab pib tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim cov qauv tshiab hauv kev kos duab, kos duab thiab ntawv nyeem.
