Hnub no, daim ntawv hla tebchaws yog hom ntaub ntawv uas suav tias yuav tsum tau ua hauv txhua lub tebchaws. Yog tsis muaj nws, tus neeg zoo li tsis muaj npe. Txawm hais tias txhua lub xeev tau teeb tsa nws txoj cai rau kev sau npe, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv, hom ntawv hla tebchaws nws tus kheej txawv, tseem muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam. Leej twg thiab thaum twg tuaj nrog daim ntawv no? Vim li cas hnub no thiaj li tseem ceeb heev? Qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev nce hauv qhov tseem ceeb yog kev hloov pauv hauv kev cai lij choj, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev nom kev tswv. Hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws thiab cov tsos ntawm ib tug passport nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws - nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no.
Keeb kwm ntawm lo lus
Lo lus "passport" los ntawm Ltalis, qhov twg, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas tus neeg tuaj saib, nws yuav tsum tau sau ib daim ntawv qhia nws lub xeem, lub npe, tus neeg saib xyuas. "Passa" txhais tau hais tias tuaj rau qhov chaw, lossis tuaj txog, thiab "porto" yog qhov chaw nres nkoj lossis chaw nres nkoj. Txhawm rau tso cai rau tus neeg nkag los lossis tawm hauv lub tebchaws, nws yuav tsum nrhiav tus kheej thiab sau ntawv pov thawj.
Qhov no yog qhov kev nyab xeeb tshwm sim, tso cai rau koj tawm lossis rov qab mus rau lub tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Fabkis, lo lus no tau ntev tau siv los xa mus rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas ua txoj haujlwm no. Tsis ntev, xws li ib tug loj faj tim teb chaws raws li Russia kuj xav tau los tswj kev txav ntawm tib neeg, sau lawv lub hwj chim. Daim ntawv hla tebchaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tau tshwm sim raws li ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cais thiab yuav tsum tau ua rau cov neeg taug kev mus rau qhov chaw. Qhov tseeb, tam sim no txoj haujlwm no tau ua los ntawm cov ntawv hla tebchaws thoob ntiaj teb, uas tej zaum yuav tsis muaj rau cov pej xeem uas tsis mus tawm hauv lub tebchaws. Dab tsi ua rau qhov kev hloov pauv?
Xav tau cov ntaub ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia
Txog xyoo pua 18th, tsis tas yuav muab daim ntawv hla tebchaws rau pej xeem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Lo lus no hu ua tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas tau muab rau cov neeg tuaj rau Russia. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, tib phau ntawv tau tshwm sim uas tam sim no los txog ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm phau ntawv hla tebchaws. Thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas xav tau rau cov qhua ntawm lub teb chaws pib hu ua "cov ntawv hla" lossis "cov ntawv mus ncig". Ntawm lawv nws muaj peev xwm hla ciam teb ntawm ob lub hauv paus tseem ceeb, voivodeships thiab nkag mus rau cov xeev.
Charters tsuas yog tso tawm los ntawm tsar, tom qab ntawd Siberian, Posolsky thiab lwm yam kev txiav txim tau pib nrog qhov no, tom qab ntawd cov haujlwm no tau pib ntseeg rau voivodeships. Cov nom tswv tau koom rau hauv cov chav kawm muaj cai, thiab yog li ntawd yog tias lawv tseem tau muab tsab ntawv, ces tsis xav tau phau ntawv hla tebchaws - lawv lub npe tau hais rau nws tus kheej. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis tas yuav lees paub lawv txoj kev ua pej xeem, lawv mus tsis tau qhov twg. Yog tsis muaj ntaub ntawv notxav mus los:
- tus kws kho mob;
- txiv plig (tshwj tsis yog cov neeg teev dab qhuas);
- -Earks, Barons, Princes;
- nobles;
- tub ceev xwm;
- officials;
- xib fwb hauv tsev kawm qib siab thiab gymnasiums;
- tub lag luam ntawm 1st thiab 2nd guilds.
Tab sis xyoo 1703, kev tsim kho lub peev tshiab pib thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman tau nce.
Passport ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws
Vim muaj kev tsim kho loj ntawm St. Petersburg, metallurgical cog ntawm Urals, kev ua rog ntawm Volga thiab cov kwj dej xa khoom ze ntawm Lake Ladoga, yuav tsum muaj ntau tus kws kos duab thiab cov kws tshaj lij. Rau lawv cov ntawv sau npe thiab kev tawm mus dawb thoob tebchaws, lawv tau muab daim ntawv hla tebchaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws (duab hauv qab). Nrog nws, lawv tuaj yeem hla ciam teb ntawm cov thawj coj sib txawv thiab cov xeev. Nrog rau qhov no, Peter kuv nruj txoj cai rau cov nom tswv - lawv kuj xav tau daim ntawv no.
Txoj kab ke no kav mus txog rau thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Ib me ntsis tom qab, tsis muaj daim ntawv hla tebchaws, uas tau lees paub tias nws tus neeg nqa khoom yog pej xeem ntawm lub tebchaws, nws tsis tuaj yeem tawm hauv nroog. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov tsos ntawm txawv teb chaws masters, lub teb chaws Ottoman qhia abshida passports - so nyiaj so koobtsheej cov ntaub ntawv rau cov neeg uas yuav tsis tawm mus rau lawv lub teb chaws, tab sis tseem nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws muaj cov haujlwm, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov ntaub ntawv qhia tus kheej thiab hnub uas tus neeg tuav haujlwm ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm raug ntiav. Cov npe tau sau ua lus Lavxias, kom cov tub ceev xwm uas tsis paub lus tsawg tsis tuaj yeem ua yuam kev vim tsis paub lus.
Cov yam ntxwv tshiab tuaj
Tsis ntev, cov neeg los ntawm ntau chav kawm, kev tshaj lij thiab pawg pib tau txais daim ntawv hla tebchaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Muaj ntau tus pej xeem uas nyuaj rau tsoomfwv kom nkag siab txog txoj cai ntawm txhua tus. Cov haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug txo qis, thiab Catherine II tau tshaj tawm tsab cai hais tias ib tus yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau qhov muaj ntawm phau ntawv no. Yav dhau los, nws tau txiav txim siab tsis siv: muag lossis qee yam them qis rau koj cov cai, zoo li yog li ntawd ntxeev siab rau Niam. Txawm tias cov neeg txawv teb chaws tau them lub luag haujlwm, thiab cov kws kho tsiaj thiab kws kho mob tau tawm ntawm cov haujlwm uas xav tau "sovereign paper". Lawv tuaj yeem pom daim ntawv pov thawj kev kawm kho mob, uas tau muab txoj cai hla ciam teb.
Xyoo 1862, thaum nkag mus rau Russia, cov qhua ntawm lub tebchaws yuav tsum tau sau tseg hauv "Phau Ntawv rau sau cov lus tim khawv", thiab xyoo 1894, "Cov Cai Lij Choj ntawm Kev Tso Cai Nyob" tau tshem tawm qhov yuav tsum muaj ntawm daim ntawv hla tebchaws thaum nyob hauv. qhov chaw nyob los yog tsiv mus nyob hauv lub nroog. Cov txiv neej tau txais "sovereign's paper" thaum muaj hnub nyoog 18 xyoo, thiab cov poj niam - ntawm 21. Cov poj niam haum rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv tus txiv, thiab cov menyuam yaus - rau lawv niam lawv txiv. Nrog rau kev ua tsov rog xyoo 1914, cov poj niam ywj pheej muaj peev xwm tau txais daim ntawv hla tebchaws yam tsis tau kev tso cai los ntawm cov txiv neej.
Expires
Muaj cov ntawv hla tebchaws tsis kawg ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Lawv tau koom nrog cov pej xeem hwm, cov nom tswv thiab cov tub ceev xwm uas tau tawm ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman mus rau lub luag haujlwm ntev. Txawm hais tias cov tswv tuaj yeem so haujlwm, lawv muaj cai siv cov ntaub ntawv rau lawv cov kev mus ncig,vim tsis muaj hnub tas sij hawm tau teem tseg. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau muab daim ntawv hla tebchaws rau lub sijhawm 6 lossis 3 lub hlis, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv yuav tsum tau rov qab los, thiab tub ceev xwm rov ua dua daim ntawv tso cai nyob. Qhov no tau hais meej txog kev vam khom ntawm tib neeg thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob rau qib siab dua.
Yog tias tus neeg lag luam tsis muaj lub koob npe zoo, nws tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv ib xyoos. Tab sis tus kws tsim khoom lossis cov neeg ua lag luam uas muaj lub koob npe zoo muaj phau ntawv hla tebchaws, cov ntaub ntawv ceev, uas tau tas sijhawm tom qab 5 xyoos. Interestingly, lub luag hauj lwm tseem nyob - nws tau them los ntawm cov tswv txhua rau lub hlis. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib nplooj ntawv rau luam cov ntawv hla tebchaws, thiab cov duab tsis suav tias yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua - tsis yog txhua tus muaj peev xwm them taus lawv.
Hloov nrog USSR passport
Qhov xav tau los tswj cov cai tau tso cai los ntawm "sovereign paper" yog pom meej nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los ntawm tsarist Russia. Cov kev daws teeb meem tseem tau tshaj tawm hauv 1906, 1914, tab sis los ntawm 1917 kev hloov kho tsis xav tau ntxiv lawm. Rau daim ntawv hla tebchaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, lub xyoo ntawm lub vau ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman yog ib tug kawg. Tsoom fwv ib ntus sai tau lees paub cov ntaub ntawv no ua ib daim npav ID, thiab los ntawm 1923, cov ntaub ntawv imperial tau tso tseg tag nrho.
Yog li, 1917 tsis yog ib xyoos ntawm kev hloov pauv loj ntawm thaj chaw ntawm USSR thiab niaj hnub Russia, tab sis nws tau thawb lub xeev tshiab apparatus los tsim ib daim ntawv tswj hwm.
Zoo
Cov ntaub ntawv xyoo 1913 muaj qhov tsis pom zoo tsis muaj lub tsho tiv no, tab sis 1903 phau ntawv hla tebchaws tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog lub tsho ntawm caj npab ntawm lub tebchaws. Phau ntawvmuaj 24 nplooj ntawv: 1 rau lub npe ntawm tus tswv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, Fabkis thiab German, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - lub profession, nyob rau hauv 3rd - hnub ntawm qhov teeb meem. Nyob rau nplooj 4 thiab 5 nws yog sau ua lus German thiab Fabkis txog lub hom phiaj uas cov pej xeem tawm ntawm ciam teb ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Ntawm nplooj ntawv 6 muaj ib qho chaw rau daim duab, thiab mus txog rau nplooj 15, qhov chaw uas cov tub ceev xwm ciam teb muab lawv lub thwj (txog li 19 nplooj ntawv), muaj cov ntawv khoob. Hnub tim 19, 20, 21 - daim coupon kev lis kev cai, ntawm 22nd - decrees, cov cai thiab kev zam rau cov cai.
Tam sim no daim ntawv hla tebchaws npog ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws muaj nyob ua ib qho kev tiv thaiv thawj zaug rau cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no, ua rau koj xav tias muaj kev sib txuas nrog cov tiam dhau los uas nyob hauv Tsarist Russia. Cov ntawv luam ntawm cov khoom plig tiag tiag muaj tib tus qauv thiab kev sau ntawv siv nyob rau hauv lub xeev ua ntej kev hloov pauv.
