Cov chaw tsim khoom phom sij ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig. Vim li no, txhua yam khoom ntawd xav tau kev tswj hwm tshwj xeeb. Hauv peb lub tebchaws, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tswj hwm yog ua los ntawm Rostekhnadzor. Lub koom haum no, los ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim No. 495, tau pom zoo cov cai thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tswj hwm lub xeev cov npe ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj. Kab lus no nthuav tawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev nkag mus rau ntau hom chaw tsim khoom rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nrog rau lawv cov txheej txheem rau kev cais tawm ntawm nws.
Cov ntsiab lus dav dav thiab kev npaj
Raws li cov khoom txaus ntshai, tib neeg nkag siab txog cov cuab yeej siv, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tsis tiav yog qhov siab heev, thaum ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg (cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov pejxeemcov zej zog nyob ze) ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj.
Ib qhov chaw tsim khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj tau nkag siab tias yog ib qho chaw tsim khoom (sib cais rhiav lossis ntu) uas cov cuab yeej siv siab (ntau dua 70,000 Pa) ua haujlwm. Cov cuab yeej zoo li no yuav tsum muaj xws li kev teeb tsa dej cua sov nrog kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm ntau dua 115 degrees Celsius. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom txaus ntshai. Nws kuj suav nrog cov lag luam uas tsim (khoom los yog txheej txheem, thauj, pov tseg, thiab lwm yam) cov khoom phom sij (tshuaj lom, muaj zog oxidizers, explosives, thiab lwm yam), siv lifting mechanisms thiab tshuab, thiab ua hauj lwm rau kev rho tawm cov minerals. los ntawm lub plab hauv lub ntiaj teb., melting hlau thiab hlau alloys.
Txhua qhov chaw tsim khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj yuav tsum tau sau npe nrog Rostekhnadzor cov tub ceev xwm. Lub koom haum no saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov cuab yeej no thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej. Tsis tas li ntawd, Rostekhnadzor yuav tsum tau saib xyuas cov ntawv pov thawj raws sij hawm thiab rov ua daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm engineering, ua tus kws tshaj lij kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov chaw thiab chaw ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam. Nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg hais tias qhov nyuaj ntawm cov kev ntsuas tau teev tseg tuaj yeem txo qis tus nqi ntawm kev sib tsoo thiab xwm txheej ceev ntawm lub teb chaws cov chaw tsim khoom. Tseeb tiag, raws li txoj cai, nws yog cov chaw tsim khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj uas ua rau muaj qhov lojneeg tsim kev puas tsuaj.
Tso cai cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas muaj cai ncua kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam yog tias pom muaj kev ua txhaum loj hauv kev tsim khoom. Yog tias lub luag haujlwm kho qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm cov kev ua txhaum cai no, tom qab ntawd kev tsim khoom ntawm lub tuam txhab tuaj yeem rov pib dua.
Tom qab kawm tiav tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm lub chaw tso cai txiav txim siab seb puas yuav sau npe rau cov khoom lossis xa cov ntaub ntawv rov qab. Kev sau npe yog ua raws li hauv qab no: nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau hauv kev sau npe, muab tus lej tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom thiab muab daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub xeev pom zoo, nkag mus rau tus lej muab rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, muab daim npav rho nyiaj rau txhua yam khoom (yuav tsum tau ua hauv ob daim ntawv theej), kos npe rau daim ntawv pov thawj los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm kev sau npe thiab daim ntawv tso cai lub cev ntawm Rosnadzor thiab affixing lub xeev official foob rau daim ntawv pov thawj.
Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas cov kws tshaj lij ntawm Lub Chaw Tso Cai thiab Kev Sau Npe ntawm Rosnadzor tau qhia txog kev ua txhaum cai, lawv muaj cai rov qab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv rov qab los kho dua. Thaum xa cov ntaub ntawv rov qab, tus neeg soj ntsuam yuav tsum ceeb toom rau lub koom haum ua haujlwm txog qhov no (hais lus los yog sau ntawv). Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev lees paub thiab kev tso npe ntawm cov khoom raug ncua mus txog thaum tshem tawm tag nrho cov kev tsis txaus los ntawm lub koom haum ua haujlwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub sijhawm tsib hnub ua haujlwm tau teem rau cov kev kho no, tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem yuav tsum rov ua dua.
Vim li cas sau npe khoom?
Raws li txoj caintawm kev nyab xeeb kev lag luam ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj, kev sau npe ntawm qhov kawg yog ua tiav txhawm rau txhawm rau muab cov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom muaj kev phom sij ntau ntxiv rau kev tsim khoom, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntxiv ntawm cov khoom no. Tsis tas li ntawd, txij li lub sijhawm sau npe hauv cov ntawv sau npe, cov khoom raug muab tso rau hauv tus account tshwj xeeb, uas tso cai rau lub xeev cov koom haum saib xyuas kev ua raws li kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam. Lub hom phiaj ntawm suav nrog cov chaw tsim khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj hauv ib qho kev sau npe tshwj xeeb kuj suav nrog kev muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas lub xeev kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov koom haum tshwj xeeb thiab kev lag luam, nrog rau kev muaj peev xwm muab cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog txog lub xeev kev nyab xeeb ntawm ib lub tuam txhab tshwj xeeb rau cov tub ceev xwm nyiam. thiab tib neeg.
Cov ntaub ntawv dab tsi nyob hauv daim ntawv teev npe?
Nws tsis raug tso cai sau cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov ntaub ntawv rov ua dua. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem. Raws li txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev lag luam kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom phom sij, cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub npe tag nrho ntawm lub koom haum (khoom). Tau kawg, qhov chaw nyob raug cai ntawm lub koom haum thiab qhov chaw nyob ntawm lub cev ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau qhia. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov kab sib txuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, yuav tsum muaj cov npe ntawm cov cim kev phom sij ntawm ib yam khoom thiab nws hom. Yog tias, thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej siv, kev ua ub no tau ua tiav, uas yuav tsum tau txais daim ntawv tso cai, ces qhov no yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg rau hauv cov ntawv sau npe yam tsis tau poob. Cov ntaub ntawvyuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub koom haum ua haujlwm thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sau npe hauv xeev.
Kev sau npe yog ua raws li kev lees paub kev lag luam kev nyab xeeb. Cov chaw tsim khoom phom sij tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sau npe los ntawm kev faib tshwj xeeb ntawm Rostekhnadzor - lub chaw tso cai. Cov txheej txheem no yuav siv sijhawm tsis pub dhau 20 hnub. Tab sis lub sijhawm no tuaj yeem hloov kho nce siab (hauv kev pom zoo nrog lub koom haum uas ua haujlwm cov khoom siv). Raws li txoj cai, qhov yuav tsum tau ncua lub sijhawm sau npe tshwm sim yog tias muaj ntau yam khoom txaus ntshai (ntau dua ib puas units) tau sau npe tib lub sijhawm.
Kev nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom rau hauv kev sau npe tsuas yog ua tau tom qab lawv txheeb xyuas. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau yog ua nrog kev koom tes ntawm lwm tus kws tshaj lij ywj pheej.
Kev sib tham ntawm txoj cai tso cai thiab kev lag luam
Raws li Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai (Tsoomfwv txoj cai lij choj "Nyob rau hauv Kev Nyab Xeeb ntawm Cov Chaw Tsim Khoom Muaj Kev Nyab Xeeb"), txhua qhov kev sab laj ntawm cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tso Cai ntawm Rostekhnadzor yog dawb xwb. Cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab cov neeg saib xyuas lub luag haujlwm piav qhia cov txheej txheem rau kev sau npe cov khoom, nrog rau lawv cov npe rov qab thiab hloov pauv yog tias tsim nyog. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws raug tso cai hu rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tau teev npe hauv qhov tsis raug cai. Hauv lwm lo lus, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub koom haum ua haujlwm tuaj yeem yooj yimHu rau lub tuam tsev ntawv tso cai, hla ntau yam teeb meem bureaucratic.
Ntawm qhov teeb meem yog tus kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yuav tsum sab laj?
Cov lus nug uas tus tub ceev xwm daim ntawv tso cai yuav tsum teb yog txoj cai nruj. Kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj yog xyuas los ntawm kev tswj nruj thiab kev pom tseeb ntawm cov qauv kev lag luam.
Cov koom haum uas muaj cov chaw muaj kev phom sij tuaj yeem thov cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov ntaub ntawv xav tau los sau npe lossis rov sau npe cov khoom muaj nqis hauv pej xeem sau npe. Xws li cov ntaub ntawv suav nrog, piv txwv li, cov npe ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xav tau rau kev suav nrog hauv kev sau npe, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau ua thaum rov sau npe thiab tsis suav nrog cov khoom ntawm cov npe ntawm cov teeb meem. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tus neeg raug tso cai tuaj yeem thov cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm daim ntawv tso cai thiab kev tso npe, nrog rau cov sijhawm ua haujlwm thiab lub sijhawm ntawm cov txheej txheem sau npe.
Yuav tsum tau ntim cov ntaub ntawv rau npe
Kev tso npe ntawm ib qho khoom tshwj xeeb hauv kev tso npe ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj yuav tsum tau muab cov ntaub ntawv tag nrho. Qhov no yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, daim ntawv teev npe chaw txaus ntshai, cov lus piav qhia (cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim) txog lub chaw tsim khoom, cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub tuam txhab nws tus kheej thiab nws daim ntawv pov thawj, cov ntawv luam ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev sau npe nrog cov tub ceev xwm se thiab tsab ntawv sau npe hauv lub xeev sau npe ntawm cov chaw muaj kev lag luam, ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub xeev sau npe cov koom haum raug cai. Ntxiv rau, cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv yog muab (yog tias tsim nyog thiab raws lithov ntawm cov cai sau npe) txog cov khoom txaus ntshai. Cov ntaub ntawv no yuav xav tau yog tias, raws li kev suav ntawm cov kws paub txog kev paub dhau los ntawm txoj cai tso cai, yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv ntau ntxiv.
Thaum twg thiaj tsim nyog muab cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv?
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv yuav xav tau yog tias cov kws tshaj lij ntawm kev sau npe thiab tso cai tso cai tsis ntseeg txog qhov tseeb thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm lub koom haum.
Cov kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem thov cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv nyob rau hauv rooj plaub qhov kev suav ntawm cov khoom siv, suav nrog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam, tig mus rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim li cas feem ntau xav tau cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws nyob deb ntawm ib leeg xwb. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv kuj tseem yuav xav tau yog tias muaj cov khoom phom sij ntau ntxiv hauv kev lag luam, nrog rau yog tias qee cov cim qhia txog kev phom sij yog txhob txwm muab tshem tawm, cov haujlwm ntawm txhua lub tuam tsev tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tag nrho, thiab lwm yam.
Chav tsev ntawm cov khoom siv phom sij txaus ntshai
Cov khoom siv li no yog thawj chav kawm txaus ntshai. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias pawg no suav nrog tsis yog tsuas yog riam phom cia, tab sis kuj cov lag luam rau lawv pov tseg. Pawg no kuj suav nrog cov tuam txhab uas tsim cov tshuaj rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb.
chav kawm Hazardcov chaw npaj rau hydrocarbon ntau lawm
Cov khoom zoo li no tuaj yeem yog ib qho ntawm cov kev phom sij hauv qab no:
2 phom sij - rau kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv raw nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm hydrogen sulfide, uas yog cov khoom tawg.
3 chav phom sij - nws suav nrog kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv raw uas muaj hydrogen sulfide los ntawm ib mus rau rau feem pua ntawm cov ntsiab lus loj.
4 qhov phom sij - tag nrho lwm qhov kev teeb tsa rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hydrocarbon yog nyob rau hauv qeb no.
Kev phom sij ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob faib khoom
Raws li cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb rau cov chaw tsim khoom phom sij uas muaj cov pa roj carbon monoxide, cov tshuab thiab cov tshuab nrog lub siab ntawm 120,000 Pa lossis ntau dua yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm phom sij thib ob. Qhov no kuj suav nrog kev teeb tsa rau kev thauj cov roj liquefied (siab tshaj 160,000 Pa). Tag nrho lwm yam kev teeb tsa, raws li cov cai thiab cov cai, koom nrog pawg 3.
Kev phom sij ntawm cov cua sov boilers thiab kev teeb tsa
Cov khoom siv no yog nyob rau hauv pab pawg ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj. Cov kev cai hais tias cov cuab yeej ntawm cov tsev boiler uas muab cov dej kub rau cov pej xeem yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm thib peb. Lwm yam khoom kuj tuaj yeem koom nrog pawg no. Lub siab ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv cov khoom siv no tuaj yeem yog 160,000 Pa lossis ntau dua, thiab ua haujlwm kub txog 250 degrees.
Chav kawmKev phom sij ntawm cov chaw mining (mines)
Raws li txoj cai tam sim no, thee mines thiab lwm qhov chaw muaj kev lag luam raug cais raws li kev phom sij hauv chav kawm 1, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem ntsib cov pa tawg, qhov kev cia siab ntawm cov pa lossis pob zeb tso tawm, ntim dej, thiab lwm yam.
Chav kawm phom sij thib ob yuav tsum suav nrog cov khoom uas tsis tau teev tseg hauv kab lus saum toj no. Raws li txoj cai, pab pawg no suav nrog cov mines rau qhib qhov mining nrog tus nqi tseem ceeb ntawm pob zeb tso zis (ib lab cubic meters ib xyoos yam tsawg kawg nkaus).
Cov chav kawm thib peb yuav tsum suav nrog cov mines qhib nrog ntau qhov tso zis me me - txij li ib puas txhiab mus rau ib lab cubic meters ib xyoos.
Tsis yog thiab chav kawm plaub yog qhib qhov mines nrog cov khoom me me thiab me me hauv ib xyoos (txog 100,000 m 3).
