Language is a unique phenomenon, if only because it is the only scientific phenomenon that piav nws tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws qhov xwm txheej yog qhov nyuaj heev, uas ua rau muaj ntau txoj hauv kev tshawb fawb, ntau yam kev xav thiab kev piav qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus.
Kev paub lus niaj hnub lees paub cov lus raws li kev kos npe nyuaj.
System mus kom ze
Txoj kev mus kom ze raws li kev xav tau nkag mus rau kev hais lus ua tsaug rau cov haujlwm ntawm F. de Saussure. Ib qho system feem ntau nkag siab tias yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm homogeneous interconnected ntsiab. Tab sis cov lus sib sau ua ke ntawm cov kev txiav txim sib txawv, thiab yog li ntawd nws tau lees paub tias yog ib qho qauv tsim, uas cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov subsystems ntawm ib tus neeg qib ntawm cov qauv lus. Cov tiers no tsim cov theem ntawm cov lus system. Ib tug yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv ib hom lus yog lawv hierarchy: cov units ntawm txhua theem tom ntej no muaj xws li cov units ntawm yav dhau los.
Lub tswvyim ntawm hom lus
Txhua qib lus yog qhov tseem ceebsystem, raws li nws yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus nkag mus rau hauv tej yam kev sib raug zoo.
Cov npe ntawm cov theem ntawm cov lus sib raug rau cov kab ke sib txawv ntawm cov lus:
- phonetics (phonetic qib);
- morphemic (morphemic qib);
- lexicon (theem lexical);
- syntax (syntax level).
Nyob rau hauv txhua lub voj voog ntawm cov qauv lus, nws yog ib qho kev cai rau ib leeg tawm ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus - units. Nyob rau theem phonetic, cov no yog phonemes, nyob rau theem morphemic - morphemes, thiab lwm yam. Lub homogeneity ntawm cov units ntawm txhua theem yog txheeb ze, vim hais tias cov lus muaj nyob rau hauv ob daim ntawv - qhov ncauj thiab sau.
Kev xaiv cov qib lus yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov lus piav qhia, thiab tsis yog theem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob.
Yog li, qib lus tau nkag siab raws li qib (subsystem) ntawm cov kab lus dav dav, tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev muaj cov chav tshwj xeeb uas ua haujlwm raws li cov cai thiab cov cai.
Cia peb xav txog cov lus tseem ceeb hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv.
Phonetics
Qib lus hauv xov tooj piav qhia lub suab ntawm kev hais lus. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qib no yog lub suab (suab). Qhov no yog qhov kawg, uas yog, ntxiv indivisible, chav tsev ntawm cov lus.
Qhov ob yam ntawm cov lus txiav txim siab tias cov duab kos, uas kawm txog txoj hauv kev xa suab hauv kev sau ntawv, txuas nrog lub suab. Cov duab kos yog ib tsab ntawv.
Txawm hais tias lub xov tooj yog qhov yooj yim, thawj theem ntawm cov lus system, qhov no yog ib feem ntau thiab nyuaj. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv chav kawm ntawm cov lus Lavxiasnws tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tsis tshua muaj luv luv.
Phonetics tshawb txog lub suab ntawm kev hais lus raws li txoj hauv kev thiab qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus, lawv cov kev sib raug zoo thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm acoustic, kev hloov pauv hauv cov suab hauv kev ntws ntawm kev hais lus, intonation thiab kev ntxhov siab.
Los ntawm txoj kev, hais txog kev ntxhov siab: nws yog ib txwm ua kev cai rau tus cwj pwm orthoepy mus rau qib suab ntawm cov lus. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog tib lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav, txij li tshooj lus ntawm kev hais lus tswj hwm cov cai rau kev hais lus ntawm cov lus, thiab qhov no twb yog qib lexical ntawm cov lus. Orthoepy tsis yog tib seem hauv cov lus uas tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau ntau qib. Qee zaum nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no ib tus hais txog kev hloov pauv, lossis nyob ib sab, sublevel.
Morfemics
qib lus no tau mob siab rau lub morphemic muaj pes tsawg leeg (tus qauv) ntawm cov lus, nws chav tsev yog morpheme. Nws yog kev cai hu nws qhov tsawg kawg nkaus lub ntsiab lus, txij li cov semantics ntawm lo lus muaj nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus, thiab lub hauv paus yog ib tug morpheme. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm affixes nyob rau hauv Russia yog tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, nrog kev pab los ntawm lub ntsiab lus -tel, lawv tsim cov npe uas lub npe tus neeg ua haujlwm lossis ua haujlwm: tus xibfwb, tus tsav tsheb, tus kws qhia ntawv. Yog li, qhov tsim ntawm lub ntsiab lus tshwm sim nyob rau theem no ntawm cov lus, nyob rau theem dhau los tsis muaj qeb ntawm lub ntsiab lus.
Cov morphemes hauv qab no yog qhov txawv hauv Lavxias:
- root;
- base;
- affixes.
Affixes suav nrog prefix (prefix), suffix, inflection (end), postfix (affix tom qab qhov xaus) thiab interfix (txuas vowels).
Rau morphemicslo lus tsim adjoins, tab sis nws yog ib qho kev hloov pauv, ib yam ntawm tus choj ntawm morphemic mus rau cov lus.
Vocabulary
Qib lus lexical piav qhia cov lus ntawm ib hom lus los ntawm ntau txoj haujlwm. Lub hauv paus ntawm qib yog lexeme (lo lus). Cov qauv ntawm lub tier no yog heev heterogeneous. Nyob ntawm seb sab twg ntawm lo lus, peb tuaj yeem tham txog cov lus hauv qab no uas ua haujlwm ntawm qib lexical:
- etymology - kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm cov lus;
- semantics - tshawb txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus;
- morphology - txiav txim siab lo lus nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nws teej tug mus rau ib feem ntawm kev hais lus;
- lexicography - piav qhia cov cai thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau phau ntawv txhais lus;
- onomasiology - saib ntawm txheej txheem naming;
- onomastics - kev tshawb fawb lub npe.
Qee lub sij hawm kab lus thiab kev sau ntawv suav nrog hauv tib qib. Cov yav tas feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov duab thiab txiav txim siab ntawm thawj theem tau piav qhia.
Ntau yam kev sib raug zoo uas cov lus nkag mus rau hauv kuj suav nrog qib ntawm cov lus: synonymy, paronymy, antonymy, homonymy.
Syntax
Qib lus syntactic tshuaj xyuas cov kab lus thiab kab lus, nrog rau cov cai rau lawv kev tsim kho. Yog li ntawd, cov units ntawm syntax yog kab lus thiab kab lus. Qee lub sij hawm lawv suav nrog cov ntsiab lus nyuaj tag nrho thiab cov ntawv nyeem. Lub tswv yim ntawm cov tswv cuab kab lus kuj yog tus cwj pwm ntawm syntax.
muajpiav qhia txog syntax thiab keeb kwm, kev tsim thiab kev sib txuas lus, dav dav thiab tshwj xeeb, thiab lwm yam.
Tus syntax yog nrog rau cov cim cim, uas tswj cov cai rau cov cim cim.
Qhov feem ntau lees txais txoj hauv kev rau kev faib cov lus theem xav tias syntax yog qib kawg ntawm cov qauv lus. Qhov kev faib tawm ntawm qib lus yog ib txwm muaj, tab sis tsis yog ib qho hauv kev hais lus xwb.
Text
Text tsis suav tias yog chav hais lus, nws suav tias yog khoom hais lus. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm ib co linguists, ntawv nyeem yog tawm tsam cov lus nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub opposite lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv lub koom haum sab hauv. Ntxiv mus, nws tau qhia tias cov ntawv nyeem muaj nws tus kheej system thiab units. Tab sis nws tsis sawv tawm hauv ib qib twg.
Tam sim no, linguists tseem tab tom sim tsim ib txoj hauv kev uas yuav ua rau peb xav txog cov ntawv nyeem raws li cov khoom ntawm kev hais lus thiab ib hom lus. Qhov no yuav tso cai rau cov ntawv nyeem raws li lub tswv yim qeb los ua qhov tseeb dua hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm qib lus.
Kev txawj ntse
Cov lus theem ntawm kev hais lus yog tshwm sim hauv kev tsim cov lus muaj peev xwm. Nws cov khoom ib nrab echo cov theem ntawm cov qauv lus:
- Phonetic. Nws xav tias kev paub ntawm phonemes, lawv cov acoustic thiab articulatory yam ntxwv, cov yam ntxwv ntawm intonational thiab rhythmic lub koom haum ntawm kev hais lus, muaj cov qauv orthoepic.
- Lexical. Yognyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus, nrog rau cov muaj ntawm phraseology, kev txawj ntse ntawm proverbs thiab sayings, siv cov synonymous lus nta, thiab lwm yam.
- Semantic. Nws tau nthuav tawm hauv kev paub txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus thiab cov lus qhia thiab lub peev xwm los xaiv thiab siv cov lexical txhais tau tias raws li txoj haujlwm sib txuas lus.
- grammatical. Nws txhais tau hais tias kev paub txog cov qauv grammatical ntawm cov lus, suav nrog kev muaj peev xwm tsim cov kab lus kom raug, coj mus rau hauv tus account syntactic qauv thiab cov cai ua ke ntawm lo lus.
- Spelling. Muab kev paub txog cov cai ntawm cov duab kos duab ntawm kev hais lus sau, suav nrog cov cai sau ntawv. Qhov no kuj suav nrog kev muaj peev xwm siv phau ntawv txhais lus.
kawm lus txawv teb chaws
Thaum kawm hom lus txawv teb chaws, qib kev paub lus hauv qab no txawv:
- pib (A1);
- elementary (A2);
- thawj nruab nrab (B1);
- medium (B1+);
- siab tshaj nruab nrab (B2);
- nce qib (С1);
- fluency (C2).
qhov ntsuas no yog qhov feem ntau lees txais nyob sab Europe.
System of language proficiency levels
Thawj theem kuj hu ua theem ntawm kev ciaj sia. Nws xav tias koj tuaj yeem ua tau, thaum mloog thiab nyeem ntawv, paub txog qee cov lus paub thiab cov lus qhia, tuaj yeem qhia koj tus kheej, sau daim ntawv sau npe lossis daim npav tos txais, thiab tseem muaj kev sib tham yooj yim ntawm cov ncauj lus paub (qhov chaw nyob, cov txheeb ze. thiab acquaintances), tab sis tsuas yog yog hais tias tus interlocutor tus hais lus suab qeeb thiab txawv, nws yuav yogrov hais dua yog tias tsim nyog. Kuj tseem muaj peev xwm nug thiab teb cov lus nug yooj yim.
Qib thib ob xav tias koj tuaj yeem nyeem cov ntawv luv, sau ib tsab ntawv luv, sau ntawv lossis cov lus, tswj kev sib txuas lus hauv ib qho xwm txheej ntawm txhua hnub lossis cov ncauj lus paub zoo, muaj peev xwm paub cov kab lus thiab kab lus. nyob rau hauv lub suab hais lus, tab sis mus koom nyob rau hauv kev sib tham, koj tseem xav tau ib tug qeeb qeeb ntawm kev hais lus ntawm interlocutor thiab meej articulation.
Qib thib peb txhais tau tias koj tuaj yeem sau cov ntawv sib txuas lus, xav txog koj tus cwj pwm thiab kev xav, thiab tseem paub cov khoom siv lus hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshaj lij thiab kev sib txuas lus txhua hnub, muaj peev xwm tuav kev sib tham ntawm cov ncauj lus sib xws thiab paub txawm tias yam tsis muaj kev pom zoo tshwj xeeb nrog tus neeg tham txog qhov xav tau hais meej meej meej.
Qib plaub suav nrog kev nthuav dav ntau yam ntawm cov ncauj lus uas koj tuaj yeem hais tau dawb, tsis muaj teeb meem hauv kev sib txuas lus, muaj peev xwm hais lus thiab sau ntawv hauv xeev thiab ua kom pom tseeb koj qhov kev xav ntawm ib qho teeb meem.
Qib thib tsib txhais tau tias koj tuaj yeem nkag siab yooj yim txhua yam uas tshaj tawm hauv TV, mloog cov lus qhuab qhia thiab cov lus ceeb toom, tsim cov ntsiab lus sib cav, nyeem ntawv tseeb yam tsis siv phau ntawv txhais lus.
Qib thib rau yog kev sib txuas lus pub dawb ntawm kev nrawm nrawm ntawm cov ncauj lus tshaj lij thiab kev tshawb fawb, muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm cov duab ntxoov ntxoo, muaj peev xwm kawm tsis yog ntawv tseeb xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb, suav nrog cov txuj cicov lus qhia, muaj peev xwm los tsim cov ntawv sau ntau thiab nyuaj.
qib xya yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm txhua yam.
