Cov ntsuas zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum tsim cov npe ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom. Lawv tsim nyog los ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom uas tau kawm. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no suav nrog kev suav rau qee yam tsis muaj:
- hom phiaj thiab cov xwm txheej rau kev siv cov khoom;
- tsom xam ntawm cov neeg thov;
- qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom txheeb xyuas.
Cov ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg. Cia peb saib ib co ntawm lawv.
xaiv kev xaiv qeb
Nyob ntawm cov khoom txheeb xyuas, ib leeg thiab complex (generalized, pab pawg thiab ib qho) cov yam ntxwv txawv.
Kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas tau zoo los ntawm kev qhia yog suav tias yog tus nqi tsis muaj lossis hauv cov khoom ntuj: kilograms, meters, ntsiab lus.
Raws li theem ntawm kev txiav txim siab, ntsuas yog:
- project,
- projected,
- kev ua haujlwm,
- production.
yam tseem ceeb
Cov ntsuas zoo yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li qee qhov kev xav tau:
- be ruaj khov;
- muab cov khoom lag luam zoo rau cov pej xeem thiab kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws;
- coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov ua tiav ntawm thev naus laus zis, kev tshawb fawb, kev tsim kho tshiab hauv ntau yam kev lag luam hauv tebchaws;
- pab txhim kho kev tsim khoom;
- piav qhia txhua yam ntawm cov khoom uas ua kom nws haum.
Cov txheej txheem xaiv algorithm
Cov khoom ntsuas ntsuas tau zoo raug xaiv los ntawm cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- khoom pab pawg xaiv;
- hom phiaj ntawm kev siv lub npe;
- Txoj kev xaiv cov ntsuas.
Hom (pab pawg) ntawm cov khoom yog tsim los ntawm kev lag luam thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib koom ua lag luam uas faib cov khoom raws li cov lus siv thiab lub hom phiaj.
Cov ntsuas zoo tuaj yeem ntxiv nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej nyob ntawm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas cov khoom txheeb xyuas ua tau.
Rau cov khoom ntawm kev tsim kho tshuab thiab hluav taws xob engineering, qhov taw qhia qhov chaw yog txuam nrog cov khoom siv tau zoo uas ua los ntawm cov khoom.
Rau ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv, cov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo yog cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim khoom thiab kev thauj mus los. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm cov cuab yeej ntsuas, qhov tseeb thiab ntau yam ntawm kev ntsuas yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account.
Qhov taw qhia ntawm qhov zoo yog xaiv nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom thiab nws lub hom phiaj.
qhov taw qhia qhov chaw
Nws yog kev cai suav nrog qee pab pawg: tsim qauv, kev faib tawm,qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, functionality thiab technical performance.
Qhov ntsuas zoo li cas yuav txiav txim siab hauv kev ntsuas, cov kws tshaj lij txiav txim siab. Piv txwv li, ntawm cov kev faib tsis, lub peev xwm ntawm lub thoob excavator, lub zog ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide cam khwb cia hlau, thiab lub zog tensile rau cov ntaub yog txawv.
Kev ntsuas dej haus
ntsuas dej zoo tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg:
- organoleptic, uas suav nrog xim, saj, tsw, turbidity;
- tshuaj;
- microbiological.
Cov xim ntawm cov dej yog muab los ntawm cov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hlau. Qhov ntsuas no yog txiav txim los ntawm kev pom qhov muag. Dej kis tau tus ntxhiab tsw vim muaj cov khoom nkag mus nrog cov dej phwj tuaj.
Cov impurities zoo yog lub hauv paus ntawm turbidity. Organic tshuaj ntawm tsob nroj keeb kwm muab saj rau dej.
Cov khoom ntawm cov dej ntuj
Tam sim no, muaj rau pawg loj, cia peb saib ntawm lawv txhua tus kom meej ntxiv.
- Macroelements. Ntawm lawv, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2 +, Cl-, SO4 2-, HCO 3 -,CO3 2-. Lawv feem pua ntawm cov dej yog kwv yees li ntawm 99.98% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim ntawm tag nrho cov ntsev. Cov ions teev saum toj no nkag mus rau hauv dej los ntawm cov av, pob zeb, thiab los ntawm tib neeg tsev neeg thiab kev lag luam.
- Dissolved gases. Cov no suav nrog oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide thiab methane. Rau quantitative cov ntsiab lus tsom xamntawm cov tshuaj no siv cov kev tshuaj ntsuam zoo thiab ntau npaum li cas.
- Biogenic cov ntsiab lus ntawm phosphorus thiab nitrogen. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus biogenic yog cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv lub cev dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, dej phwj tuaj thiab huab cua nag ua raws li lawv. Silicon tebchaw uas muaj nyob rau hauv dej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov tseeb los yog colloidal kev daws teeb meem ntawm polysilicic los yog silicic acid kuj xam tau tias yog biogenic tshuaj. Hlau muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm microcolloidal hydroxide nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso dej kuj muaj feem xyuam rau nws zoo.
- Microelements. Cov pab pawg no muaj cov hlau ions muaj nyob hauv cov dej hauv cov khoom me me.
- Pab pawg ntawm cov organic yaj (DOM). Nws suav nrog cov tshuaj hauv qab no: cawv, acids, ketones, aldehydes, phenols, esters, aromatic compounds, humic acids, carbohydrates, amines, proteins, amino acids. Thaum ua tiav lawv qhov kev txiav txim kom muaj nuj nqis, cov ntsuas tsis ncaj yog siv: tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm ions, permanganate oxidizability ntawm dej, biochemical oxygen noj.
- Cov pa phem. Cov no yog cov hlau hnyav, organochlorines, cov khoom siv roj av, hluavtaws surfactants, phenols.
Cov kev ntsuas no raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum ntsuas ntsuas dej zoo.
Kev ntsuas dej zoo
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov ntsuas lub neej zoo, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj kev nkag siab tag nrho ntawm cov dej uas siv los ntawm cov pej xeem. Txhawm rau ua tiav cov kev tshawb fawb no,tej yam ntxwv:
- Cov ntsiab lus ntsev hauv dej (raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm calcium bicarbonate). Piv txwv li, dej yog suav tias yog tshiab yog tias nws salinity tsis tshaj 0.1%.
- Alkalinity. Ib qho kev ntsuas zoo sib xws yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm cov dej ntuj los ua kom tsis muaj hydrogen cations. Nws yog txiav txim los ntawm titrating cov qauv nrog ib tug muaj zog acid (hydrochloric acid) nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tus taw qhia phenolphthalein.
- Oxidation. Rau saum npoo thiab dej haus, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 100 mg O2 / l. Thaum txiav txim siab qhov ntsuas, siv txoj kev permanganate.
- Dej tawv. Qhov ntsuas tau muab faib ua ob pawg: carbonate (ntev) thiab tsis yog carbonate (ntev) tus nqi. Lub hardness ib ntus yog vim cov ntsiab lus ntawm acidic ntsev (bicarbonates) ntawm magnesium thiab calcium hauv dej. Tus nqi tas li yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov muaj nyob hauv nws cov chlorides thiab sulfates ntawm magnesium thiab calcium. Cov ntsuas ntsuas yog mmol / L.
dej hardness
Nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov, qee qhov ntsuas dej zoo (hardness) yog qhov txawv:
- dej mos yog siv rau kev lag luam (tag nrho hardness txog 3.5 mmol / l);
- nruab nrab hardness dej (ntawm 7 mus rau 10 mmol / l) yog tsim rau haus.
Ntawm cov teeb meem loj ntawm ib puag ncig uas txo qis cov dej haus zoo yog cov pa phem ntawm cov ecosystems nrog cov khoom siv roj. Thaum lawv nkag mus rau hauv dej ib puag ncig, hydrocarbons kis thoob plaws nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib txheej monomolecular nyias. Yog li ntawd, ib qho roj slick yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub reservoir. Nyob ntawm qhov ntim ntawm emissionsNws muaj peev xwm ntes tau qhov chaw ntawm ntau pua thiab txhiab kilometers.
Nyob rau hauv ob peb hnub xwb, kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm cov roj slick ploj mus vim evaporation thiab dissolution ntawm feem ntawm qhov hnyav molecular. Hnyav hydrocarbons tsis yaj thiab tsis nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub reservoir. Lawv tsim muaj zog emulsions uas kav ntev txog 50 xyoo. Nws yog cov organic tebchaw uas cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev muaj sia nyob.
Raws li ib puag ncig teeb meem ntawm peb lub xyoo pua, uas ua rau "blooming" ntawm qee lub cev dej tshiab, lawv cov pa phem nrog cov ntsiab lus biogenic yog ib qho ntawm lawv. Lawv qhov chaw tseem ceeb yog nitrogen thiab phosphate chiv los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb, nrog rau cov dej khib nyiab.
Cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo kuj tuaj yeem pom vim qhov txo qis ntawm kev sib pauv dej thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov kwj dej, qhov pom ntawm thaj chaw nyob ruaj khov. Qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws yog xiav-ntsuab algae, uas nyob rau hauv ob lub hlis tuaj yeem muab cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 10 20offspring.
ntsuas kev ua tau zoo
Lawv txiav txim siab cov txiaj ntsig tau txais los ntawm kev ua haujlwm lossis kev siv cov khoom lag luam, nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem uas tau kos rau hauv cov khoom. Rau cov khoom siv, cov kev ua haujlwm hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:
- qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej, uas txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tsim rau nws rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb;
- ntsuas qhov nrawm thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas, qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub rau kev lag luam tsoos tsho;
- muaj peev xwm kub tshwj xeebhluav taws xob qhov cub, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm lub zog noj ib chav tsev ntawm tshav kub generated los ntawm lub rhaub;
- zaub mov calories;
- Waterproof coefficient ntawm cov khoom siv roj hmab.
Cov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo tso cai rau koj los ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv cov khoom, qhov kev thov rau cov neeg siv khoom.
Cov ntsuas ntsuas tso cai rau koj los ntsuas cov txheej txheem tsim, yooj yim ntawm kev teeb tsa, kev teeb tsa, muaj peev xwm hloov pauv ntawm tus kheej qhov chaw (sib dhos). Cov no suav nrog:
- dimensional parameters;
- muaj khoom siv ntxiv.
Ntawm cov ntsuas siv los ntsuas cov qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj, muaj:
- ntau feem ntawm cov khoom (cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke) hauv cov hlau;
- concentration ntawm ntau yam impurities hauv acids;
- ntau feem ntawm tshauv thiab sulfur hauv coke;
- % ntsev thiab suab thaj hauv cov khoom noj.
Cov ntsuas kev siv nyiaj txiag ntawm cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv raw, lub zog thiab cov roj yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb, uas cuam tshuam txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov qib lossis qib ntawm cov khoom siv raw, lub zog, roj thiab cov khoom siv.
Cov ntsuas zoo sib xws hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab tsim khoom, piv txwv li, suav nrog:
- kev noj tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kev xaiv ua rau cov khoom siv raw, lub zog;
- qhov piv ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv yog qhov piv ntawm kev siv tau zoo rau tus nqi ntawm kev tsim khoom ib chavib yam khoom;
- efficiency.
Kev ntseeg tau suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Kev siv zog thiab kev nyuaj ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau yam khoom yog nce ntxiv, lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tsim khoom yog nce. Qhov siab dua, qhov ntau dua qhov yuav tsum tau muaj rau cov khoom ntseeg tau.
Yog tias nws tsis tseem ceeb, tom qab ntawd rau kev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab thiab cov tshuab, lub sijhawm hnyav thiab cov nqi khoom yuav tsum tau.
Kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov khoom raug cuam tshuam los ntawm nws cov haujlwm ua haujlwm:
- huab cua av,
- kub,
- siab,
- mechanical loads,
- kub.
Cov khoom, cov khoom, cov tshuab, tshuab, khoom siv thiab cov khoom sib dhos raug suav tias yog cov khoom siv.
Txoj kev ntseeg tau qhia lub peev xwm ntawm ib yam khoom los tswj hwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb thoob plaws lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qee hom thiab cov xwm txheej. Lub tswv yim no kuj suav nrog kev ntseeg siab, kev ruaj ntseg, ruaj khov thiab txee lub neej ntawm cov khoom.
Nyob ntawm cov khoom thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, cov cuab yeej no muaj qhov sib txawv. Piv txwv li, rau cov khoom tsis tsim nyog rau kev kho, lawv qhov kev ntseeg tau raug suav tias yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb.
Nyob hauv kaw
Cov khoom zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam. Yog tias qhov ntsuas sib txawv ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov kev pabcuam raug siv hauv kev sib raug zoo, ces hauvkev lag luam, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab thiab cov tshuab tseem ceeb.
Piv txwv li, ntawm cov tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li qhov tsim nyog, lawv paub qhov txawv txav thiab kinematic, nrog rau cov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo, kev ua haujlwm raug thiab nrawm.
Raws li koj siv cov yam ntxwv no tuaj yeem hloov pauv. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm ib qho khoom, cov ntsuas tau siv los txiav txim siab txog qhov tshwj xeeb, kev ua haujlwm, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm decommissioning mechanism.
Ntawm cov ntsuas tsis pov tseg, peb nco ntsoov lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm kev tshem tawm thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm yam tsis tau kho.
Ntawm cov ntsuas kev lag luam tseem ceeb yog:
- nqi,
- ergonomics,
- kev ua neej,
- khoom nqi.
Piv txwv li, ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb rau cov khoom lag luam, lawv paub qhov txawv ntawm cov suab nrov, overloads, vibration, sib nqus thiab electromagnetic teb.
Thaum ntsuas qhov zoo nkauj ntawm cov khoom lag luam, nws cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm, kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm daim ntawv, thiab cov tsos yog siv.
Cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev nthuav dav ntawm cov khoom yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov cim qhia zoo hauv qab no: originality, kos npe, ua raws li kev zam tiam sis, originality ntawm style.
Nws yog qhov tseeb los ntawm qhov muaj keeb kwm ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas ib tus tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom ntawm hom zoo sib xws.
Yog tias cov khoom tsis ua raws li qee yam zoo, nws yuav tsis raug lees paubcov neeg siv khoom. Yog li ntawd, cov chaw tsim khoom yuav tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom tau cov txiaj ntsig xav tau thiab them tus nqi tsim khoom.
