Cia peb tham txog qhov tshwm sim tsis meej thiab lo lus tom qab. "Popularization" yog peb qhov kev kawm. Ntawm qhov tod tes, thaum cov tswv yim tawm ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob, qhov no yog qhov zoo, tab sis thaum qhov chaw hloov pauv, ntau yam kev sib txawv tshwm sim. Cia peb tsom xam tsis yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov subtleties cuam tshuam nrog nws.
Cov ntaub ntawv kawm txuj ci thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus
Ib tug neeg nyiam cov ntaub ntawv tsis tseeb tuaj yeem hais tau yooj yim tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyiam cov tswv yim yog hloov mus rau cov lus yooj yim thiab siv tau ntau dua. Kev kawm txuj ci tsis muaj lub qhov rooj steel nrog hnyav bolts, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb muaj lawv tus kheej cov lus, uas ob peb tus neeg uas tsis suav nrog lub voj voog ntawm kev pib nkag siab. Peb mam li tham txog qhov no tom qab, tab sis qhov pib xav kom peb tig mus rau phau ntawv txhais lus piav qhia. Raws li ib txwm muaj, qhov no yog inevitable. Yog li, kom nrov yog:
- Ua kom nkag siab, nkag tau, nrov.
- Ua kom nws nrov, uas yog, muab faib rau hauv dav dav.
Yog koj saib lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus"popularization" (los ntawm "popularize"), nws yuav zoo li tias lawv zoo ib yam lossis txawm tias tib yam. Yog li ntawd, yuav tsum tau piav qhia. Nco qab tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb nrov uas tsis ua txhaum nrog ntau qhov yooj yim, tab sis tib lub sij hawm muab cov khoom nyuaj rau cov neeg nyeem hauv daim ntawv siv tau. Tau kawg, cov subtleties ntawm kev paub elude, tab sis lawv tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau neophyte lossis amateur.
Kev nkag siab ntawm subtleties yog kev lag luam yav tom ntej. Lwm qhov yog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov kws tshaj lij rau hom no. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, xws li txoj hauv kev kom tau nyiaj yog pom zoo li qub. Peb ib puag ncig scientific yog tag nrho ntawm snobbery. Piv txwv li, ob tus kws sau keeb kwm thiab cov neeg nyeem cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm kho Edvard Radzinsky nrog kev thuam. Zoo li, nws xav ntau heev, invents. Txawm li cas los xij, tsawg kawg yog muab qee lub tswv yim ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm rau cov neeg uas tsis tuaj yeem nyeem cov phau ntawv tho txawv.
Qee zaum kev nce qib yog ib txoj haujlwm ua tsaug. Tus neeg twg uas koom nrog nws yuav muaj kev pheej hmoo poob ntawm kev nyiam nrog cov npoj yaig lossis tau txais lub koob npe zoo sib xws. Tab sis, raws li txoj cai, ib tug neeg tsim nws txoj hauj lwm hauv lub neej, tso siab rau kev txaus siab thiab kev xav tau sab hauv, thiab tsis yog ntawm kev xav ntawm lwm tus neeg, thiab qhov no yog qhov zoo. Yog hais tias txhua leej txhua tus tau koom nrog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub prestigious, tab sis tsis heev profitable, los yog, conversely, tsis prestigious, tab sis txaus ntshai profitable, ces lub ntiaj teb no yuav dhuav dua. Hauv nws qhov kev tiv thaiv, tib Edvard Radzinsky tuaj yeem tham txog nws txoj kev ncig, tab sis leej twg nyeem thiab paub cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm?
Ib puag ncig kev sau ntawv thiab lub ntsiab lus thib ob ntawm lo lus
Tus nqi thib ob"popularization" twb txhais tau hais tias qee lub tswv yim tau dhau los ua dav. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau muab piv txwv li science, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv ib puag ncig cia paub tsis muaj lwm yam nrov. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, cov hauj lwm tau dhau los ntawm tes mus rau tes, thiab ces nws yog luam tawm, yog hais tias nws yog trustworthy, los yog mus rau samizdat. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj hais tias tib txoj kev tab tom mus tam sim no, tab sis, tej zaum, cov npe tshiab tau qhib los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm sau ntawv.
Yog, muaj ib qho kev hloov pauv ntxiv: qhov tseeb, tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los rhuav tshem cov lus nkag siab thiab nthuav tawm tswv yim. Tus uas sau kom meej yog tus neeg yuav nkag siab ntau dua li tus uas sau tsis meej thiab tsis txawj ntse. Yuav tsum nco ntsoov.
Puas muaj koob meej cuam tshuam cov tswv yim?
Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm qib ntawm kev yooj yim. Tab sis tag nrho tib yam, dhau sij hawm, lub tswv yim yuav nyob twj ywm ib pob txha lossis txawm tias cov pob txha tsis sib haum, uas yog, qee qhov kev cai yooj yim uas tau hloov pauv mus rau qhov ua tsis tau. Piv txwv li, coj txoj hmoo ntawm psychoanalysis hauv xyoo 1920s. Cov lus qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv lub USSR tau nrov heev, vim hais tias nws yog tag nrho raws li cov materialistic daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, ces Freud raws li ib tug xav tsis tau heev.
Tab sis yog tias koj tam sim no saib cov duab ntawm leej txiv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws hauv kev nco qab loj, tom qab ntawd cov duab ntawm kev ntxim nyiam tuaj yeem sib tw nrog cov duab uas piav txog Dorian Grey thaum lub sijhawm tus hero ntawm Oscar Wilde twb tau txais. saj thiab tau txais kev txawj ntse ntawm tus kheej kev puas tsuaj. Los ntawm psychoanalysis muaj qee lub tswv yim "chunks":
- Freud muaj teeb meem kev sib deev, yog li nws tsim qhov notheory.
- Freud txo txhua yam rau kev sib deev.
- Kev kawm thaum yau thiab poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog koj niam lossis txiv yog qhov ua ntej.
Nyob zoo, thesis the last is play out in the film "Miracle on 34th Street" (1947).
Los ntawm tag nrho cov no, ib daim duab tiav tsis tig tawm hauv ib txoj kev - tsuas yog dab. Tej zaum peb tsis nco qab lwm yam, tab sis tus nyeem ntawv yuav nco ntsoov. Xws li yog lub ambiguity ntawm popularization. Qhov kev qhia no tsis xav tau ntawv pov thawj, nws pom tseeb.
Vim li cas kev tshaj tawm phem tshaj qhov tsis muaj?
Tab sis txhob poob siab, ib lub tswv yim pom ob qho tib si zoo thiab nruab nrab tus neeg txhais lus thiab yog inevitably distorted, tab sis qhov no ua rau surge ntawm kev txawj ntse lub neej. Thiab yog tias ib qho lus qhuab qhia tseem nyob hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm plua plav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, ces yuav tsis muaj kev txhawb siab, thiab peb txhua tus yuav kawm tsawg dua.
Muaj pes tsawg tus neeg tuaj yeem tau txais hauv nws lub neej? Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, peb yuav tsis suav peb qhov kev kawm tiav, sib txawv. Nws hloov tawm tias muaj peb qhov kev paub uas tus neeg xav zoo li ntses hauv dej thiab nkag siab cov ntawv ntawm txhua qib, thiab nrog rau lwm qhov chaw txhua yam tsis zoo heev.
Cov lus nug tshwm sim: "kev nrov npe" txhais li cas hauv qhov no? Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev los nce koj cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev paub yam tsis muaj kev cob qhia ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam no. Thiab cov phau ntawv yeej ib txwm muaj ob hom - zoo thiab sib txawv.
Tom qab, yog tib neeg thuam tus xav lossis tus kws sau ntawv, txhais tau tias nws ntes cov hlab ntsha, khaus, thiab yog li ntawd, yuav tsum tau ua.nyeem nws los tsim koj tus kheej txoj kev xav. Henry Miller kuj xav tsis thoob rau txhua leej txhua tus hauv nws lub sijhawm, thiab tam sim no nws tab tom qhia ntawm philological faculties, nws yog classic. Hauv lwm lo lus, txoj kev nrov npe yog phau ntawv kaw, thiab cov tswv yim twg yuav nyob rau ntau pua xyoo tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees. Lub neej ntawm cov tswv yim thiab tib neeg yog sib koom ua ke los ntawm qhov tsis paub tseeb.
