Txhua hnub peb tau ntsib nrog ntau yam ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, peb feem ntau siv lawv hauv kev hais lus peb tus kheej, tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus. Peb nco niam tias nws muaj txhais tes golden; peb nco ntsoov khau bast, thaum lawv tau ntev dhau los ntawm kev siv dav dav; peb ntshai kom tau ib tug npua nyob rau hauv ib tug poke thiab exaggerate cov khoom thiab phenomena. Tag nrho cov no yog tropes, piv txwv uas tuaj yeem pom tsis yog hauv cov ntawv tseeb xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov lus hais ntawm txhua tus neeg.
txhais tau tias kev kos duab yog dab tsi?
lo lus "txoj kev" los ntawm Greek lo lus tropos, uas txhais tau tias "tig ntawm kev hais lus" hauv Lavxias. Lawv siv los muab cov lus piv txwv, nrog rau lawv cov kev pab, poetic thiab prose tej hauj lwm ua incredibly nthuav qhia. Tropes nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, piv txwv ntawm uas muaj peev xwm pom nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua yam paj huam los yog zaj dab neeg, tsim ib tug nyias txheej nyob rau hauv niaj hnub philological science. Nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv, lawv muab faib ua lexical txhais tau tias, rhetorical thiab syntactic cov duab. txoj kevtau nthuav dav tsis yog hauv cov ntawv tseeb xwb, tab sis kuj tseem hais lus, thiab txawm hais lus txhua hnub.
Lexical txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab
Txhua hnub peb siv cov lus uas nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev lossis lwm yam kev hais lus, ua kom nws nthuav tawm ntau dua. Vibrant tropes, piv txwv uas suav tsis txheeb hauv cov ntawv tseeb, tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj li kev txhais lus.
- Antonyms yog cov lus uas tawm tsam lub ntsiab lus.
- Synonyms yog lexical units uas nyob ze ntawm lub ntsiab lus.
- phraseological units yog qhov ruaj khov ua ke uas muaj ob lossis ntau dua lexical units, uas tuaj yeem sib npaug rau ib lo lus hauv semantics.
- Dialectisms yog cov lus uas muaj nyob hauv ib thaj chaw xwb.
- Archaisms yog cov lus siv tsis tau qhia txog cov khoom lossis qhov tshwm sim, niaj hnub analogues uas muaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg kab lis kev cai thiab lub neej txhua hnub.
- Historicisms yog cov ntsiab lus qhia txog cov khoom lossis cov xwm txheej uas twb ploj lawm.
Tropes in Russian (piv txwv)
Tam sim no, txhais tau tias kev kos duab qhia tau zoo heev hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm classics. Feem ntau cov no yog paj huam, ballads, paj huam, tej zaum cov dab neeg thiab novels. Lawv kho cov hais lus thiab muab cov duab rau nws.
- Metonymy - hloov ntawm ib lo lus los ntawm lwm tus los ntawm kev nyob ib sab. Piv txwv li: Thaum ib tag hmo ntawm Xyoo Tshiab Eve, tag nrho txoj kev tawm mus tua hluav taws.
- Ib qho epithet yog lub ntsiab lus txhais uas muab cov ntsiab lus ntxivyam ntxwv. Piv txwv li: Mashenka muaj gorgeous silk curls.
- Synecdoche yog lub npe ntawm ib feem tsis yog tag nrho. Piv txwv li: Ib tug Lavxias teb sab, ib tug Finn, ib tug Englishman, thiab ib tug Tatar kawm nyob rau hauv lub Kws qhia ntawv ntawm International Relations.
- Personification yog txoj haujlwm ntawm animate zoo rau ib yam khoom tsis muaj sia lossis tshwm sim. Piv txwv li: Huab cua txhawj, npau taws, npau taws, thiab ib feeb tom qab nws pib los nag.
- Kev sib piv yog ib qho kev qhia raws li kev sib piv ntawm ob yam khoom. Piv txwv li: Koj lub ntsej muag tsw qab thiab daj ntseg, zoo li lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav.
- Metapho yog kev hloov ntawm cov khoom ntawm ib yam khoom mus rau lwm tus. Piv txwv li: Peb niam muaj txhais tes golden.
Topes hauv cov ntaub ntawv (piv txwv)
Qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm kev kos duab tsis tshua siv nyob rau hauv kev hais lus ntawm tus neeg niaj hnub no, tab sis qhov no tsis txo qis lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov kws sau ntawv zoo thiab kws sau paj huam. Yog li, litotes thiab hyperbole feem ntau pom siv nyob rau hauv dab neeg satirical, thiab allegory nyob rau hauv dab neeg. Paraphrase yog siv kom tsis txhob rov hais dua hauv cov ntawv sau lossis hais lus.
- Litota yog kev ua yeeb yam tsis txaus ntseeg. Piv txwv li: Ib tug txiv neej nrog ntiv tes ua haujlwm ntawm peb lub hoobkas.
- Periphrase - hloov lub npe ncaj qha nrog cov lus piav qhia. Piv txwv li: Hmo ntuj luminary tshwj xeeb tshaj yog daj hnub no (txog lub hli).
- Allegory - daim duab ntawm cov khoom paub daws teeb nrog cov duab. Piv txwv li: Tib neeg zoo - cunning, cowardice, clumsiness - yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hma liab, ib tug hare, ib tug dais.
- Hyperbole yog kev txhob txwm tshaj tawm. Piv txwv li: Kuv tus phooj ywg muaj pob ntseg loj heev, qhov loj ntawm lub taub hau.
Rhetorical nuj nqis
Lub tswv yim ntawm txhua tus kws sau ntawv yog ua kom nkag siab nws cov neeg nyeem thiab tsis thov cov lus teb rau cov teeb meem tshwm sim. Ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws yog ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov lus nug rhetorical, exclamations, thov rov hais dua, silences nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm ntawm kos duab. Tag nrho cov no yog tropes thiab cov nuj nqis ntawm kev hais lus, piv txwv ntawm tej zaum paub rau txhua tus neeg. Lawv siv hauv kev hais lus txhua hnub pom zoo, qhov tseem ceeb yog kom paub qhov xwm txheej thaum tsim nyog.
Ib lo lus nug rhetorical muab tso rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kab lus thiab tsis xav tau cov lus teb los ntawm tus nyeem ntawv. Nws ua rau koj xav txog cov teeb meem nias.
Cov kab lus txhawb siab xaus nrog cov lus hais lus zoo. Siv daim duab no, tus kws sau ntawv hu rau kev nqis tes ua. Lub exclamation kuj yuav tsum tau muab faib nyob rau hauv "paths" seem.
Piv txwv ntawm qhov chaw nyob rhetorical tuaj yeem pom hauv Pushkin ("Rau Chaadaev", "Rau Hiav Txwv"), hauv Lermontov ("Kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau paj huam"), nrog rau ntau lwm yam classics. Nws tsis siv rau ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb, tab sis rau tag nrho tiam neeg los yog tiam tag nrho. Siv nws hauv kev ua yeeb yam, tus kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem liam lossis, tawm tsam, pom zoo ua.
Rhetorical silence yog nquag siv nyob rau hauv lyrical digressions. Tus kws sau ntawv tsis qhia nws txoj kev xav mus rau qhov kawg thiab ua rau muaj kev xav ntxiv.
Syntactic figures
Cov tswv yim zoo li no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev tsimkab lus thiab suav nrog lo lus txiav txim, cim cim; lawv ua rau muaj kev txaus siab thiab nthuav kab lus tsim, uas yog vim li cas txhua tus kws sau ntawv siv zog siv cov tropes. Cov piv txwv no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom thaum nyeem cov haujlwm.
- Multi-union - lub siab xav nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov koomhaum hauv kab lus.
- Unionlessness - qhov tsis muaj koom haum thaum teev cov khoom, kev ua lossis tshwm sim.
- Syntactic parallelism - kev sib piv ntawm ob qhov tshwm sim los ntawm lawv cov duab sib npaug.
- Ellipsis yog kev txhob txwm tso tseg ntawm ntau lo lus hauv kab lus.
- Inversion yog ua txhaum ntawm lo lus txiav txim hauv kev tsim kho.
- Parcellation yog txhob txwm faib kab lus.
Nkauj hais lus
Tropes hauv Lavxias, cov piv txwv uas tau muab los saum toj no, tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus tsis kawg, tab sis tsis txhob hnov qab tias muaj lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus qhia. Cov duab kos duab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sau thiab hais lus.
- Anaphora - rov hais dua ntawm thawj ntu ntawm kev hais lus.
- Epiphora - rov hais dua ntawm ntu kawg ntawm kev hais lus.
- Kev sib tw yog kev maj mam nce zuj zus los ntawm ib qho kev xav mus rau lwm qhov.
- Pun - kev siv tib lub suab uas muaj lub ntsiab lus sib txawv hauv ib kab lus.
- Antithesis yog kev tawm tsam ntse.
- Oxymoron - ua ke ntawm cov lus rov qab.
rooj ntawm txhua txoj kev nrog piv txwv
Rau cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab, kawm tiavNws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau humanitarian faculties thiab philologists kom paub ntau yam txhais tau tias ntawm artistic qhia thiab rooj plaub ntawm lawv siv nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm classics thiab contemporaries. Yog tias koj xav paub ntau ntxiv txog qhov tropes yog dab tsi, lub rooj nrog piv txwv yuav hloov ntau ntau cov ntawv tseem ceeb rau koj.
| Lexical txhais tau tias thiab piv txwv | |
| Synonyms | Cia peb ua neeg luag ntxhi thiab thuam, tiam sis peb tsim nyog tau lub neej zoo dua. |
| lus qhia | Kuv lub neej tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis kab txaij dub thiab dawb. |
| Cov lus qhuab qhia | Ua ntej koj yuav ris tsho, nrhiav kom paub txog lawv qhov zoo, txwv tsis pub koj yuav plam tus npua hauv poke. |
| Archaisms | Barbers (hais plaub hau) ua lawv txoj haujlwm sai thiab ua tau zoo. |
| Historisms | Lapti yog qhov qub thiab tsim nyog, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus muaj lawv niaj hnub no. |
| Dialectisms | Ntxhais (dab) tau pom nyob rau thaj chaw no. |
| Stylistic tropes (piv txwv) | |
| Metaphor | Koj muaj zog hlau, kuv tus phooj ywg. |
| Incarnation | Cov nplooj nplooj thiab seev cev hauv txoj kev tshau. |
| Nyob zoo | Lub hnub liab teeb hla qab ntug. |
| Metonymy | Kuv twb noj peb zaug lawmdaim hlau. |
| Synecdoche | Tus neeg siv khoom ib txwm xaiv cov khoom zoo. |
| Periphrase | Cia peb mus saib vaj tsiaj nyaum (hais txog tsov ntxhuav). |
| Allegory | Koj yog lub nroog Yeiuxalees (hais txog kev ruam). |
| Hyperbole | Kuv tau tos koj tau peb teev lawm! |
| Litota | Tus no puas yog txiv neej? Tus txiv neej nrog ntiv tes thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv! |
| Syntactic figures (piv txwv) | |
| Anaphora | Yuav ua li cas tu siab nrog Yuav tsawg tus kuv hlub. |
| Epiphora |
Peb mus rau raspberries! Koj puas nyiam raspberries? Tsis yog? Qhia Daniel, Cia mus raspberry. |
| Gradation | Kuv xav txog koj, xav, nco, ploj, thov Vajtswv. |
| Pun | Nws yog koj qhov txhaum uas kuv pib poob siab rau hauv cawv. |
| Rhetorical cov nuj nqis (rov hais dua, exclamation, question, default) |
Thaum twg koj, cov tub ntxhais hluas, ua neeg ncaj ncees? Huag, hnub no zoo kawg nkaus! Thiab koj hais tias koj paub cov khoom zoo heev? Thaum koj mus txog tsev sai sai no saib… |
| Multiunion | Kuv zoo ntawm algebra, geometry, physics, chemistry, thiab geography,thiab biology. |
| No union | Lub khw muag khoom luv luv, crumbly, txiv laum huab xeeb, oatmeal, zib ntab, chocolate, noj, txiv tsawb ncuav qab zib. |
| Ellipsis | Tsis muaj (nws yog)! |
| Invert | Kuv xav qhia koj ib zaj dab neeg. |
| Antithesis | Koj yog txhua yam thiab tsis muaj dab tsi rau kuv. |
| Oxymoron | Ib tug neeg tuag. |
Lub luag haujlwm txhais tau tias ntawm kev kos duab
Kev siv cov tropes hauv kev hais lus txhua hnub txhawb nqa txhua tus neeg, ua rau nws paub ntau ntxiv thiab kev kawm. Muaj ntau hom kev qhia txog kev kos duab tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sau ntawv, poetic lossis prose. Txoj kev thiab cov duab, piv txwv uas txhua tus neeg hwm tus kheej yuav tsum paub thiab siv, tsis muaj kev faib tawm tsis meej, txij li xyoo mus rau xyoo philologists txuas ntxiv tshawb xyuas thaj chaw no ntawm cov lus Lavxias. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum lawv singled tawm tsuas yog metaphor, metonymy thiab synecdoche, tam sim no cov npe tau loj hlob kaum npaug.
