Immanuel Kant: biography thiab kev qhia ntawm tus yawm philosopher

Cov txheej txheem:

Immanuel Kant: biography thiab kev qhia ntawm tus yawm philosopher
Immanuel Kant: biography thiab kev qhia ntawm tus yawm philosopher
Anonim

Immanuel Kant yog tus kws tshawb fawb German, tus xibfwb ntawm Königsberg University, tus tswvcuab txawv tebchaws ntawm St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, tus tsim ntawm classical German philosophy thiab "kev thuam". Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm scale ntawm kev ua si, nws yog sib npaug nrog Plato thiab Aristotle. Cia wb mus saib lub neej ntawm Immanuel Kant thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob.

Tus neeg xav txog yav tom ntej tau yug los rau lub Plaub Hlis 22, 1724 hauv Koenigsberg (tam sim no Kaliningrad), hauv tsev neeg loj. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws lub neej, nws tsis tau tawm ntawm nws lub zos nyob deb tshaj 120 kilometers. Kant loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig uas lub tswv yim ntawm pietism muaj ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb. Nws txiv yog tus tsim lub eeb thiab txij li thaum yau qhia cov menyuam yaus ua haujlwm. Niam sim saib xyuas lawv txoj kev kawm. Txij li thawj xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, Kant muaj kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nws tau pom tias nws muaj peev xwm siv cov lus Latin. Tom qab ntawd, tag nrho plaub qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb yuav raug sau ua lus Latin.

Biography ntawm Immanuel Kant
Biography ntawm Immanuel Kant

Kev Kawm Qib Siab

Xyoo 1740, Immanuel Kant nkag mus hauv Albertina University. Ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv, M. Knutzen muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb rau nws, uas tau qhia txog tus tub hluas uas xav tau kev ua tiav.niaj hnub, thaum ntawd, science. Xyoo 1747, qhov teeb meem nyiaj txiag nyuaj ua rau Kant raug yuam kom mus rau thaj chaw hauv nroog Koenigsberg thiaj li tau txais txoj haujlwm nyob ntawd ua tus kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus tswv av.

Kev ua haujlwm

Rov qab mus rau nws lub nroog hauv xyoo 1755, Immanuel Kant ua tiav nws txoj kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab tiv thaiv nws tus tswv txoj kev kawm hu ua "On Fire". Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, nws tiv thaiv ob dissertations ntxiv, uas tau muab nws txoj cai los qhuab qhia raws li thawj tus pab xibfwb, thiab ces yog ib tug xibfwb. Txawm li cas los xij, Kant tom qab ntawd tsis kam lees lub npe ntawm tus xibfwb thiab dhau los ua tus tshaj lij (tus uas tau txais nyiaj los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, thiab tsis yog los ntawm kev tswj hwm) tus xibfwb pabcuam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua haujlwm txog xyoo 1770, txog thaum nws tau los ua ib tus xibfwb zoo tib yam hauv chav haujlwm ntawm kev xav thiab metaphysics ntawm nws lub tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm muaj.

Zoo heev, raws li tus kws qhia ntawv, Kant tau qhia txog ntau yam kev kawm, txij li lej mus rau anthropology. Xyoo 1796, nws tau tso tseg kev qhuab qhia, thiab plaub xyoos tom qab ntawd nws tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv tag nrho vim kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo. Nyob hauv tsev, Kant tseem ua hauj lwm mus txog thaum nws tuag.

Lub neej ntawm Immanuel Kant
Lub neej ntawm Immanuel Kant

Kev ua neej

Tsim nyog saib xyuas txoj kev ua neej ntawm Immanuel Kant thiab nws tus cwj pwm, uas tau pib pom lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb txij li xyoo 1784, thaum tus kws tshawb fawb yuav nws lub tsev. Txhua txhua hnub, Martin Lampe, ib tug tub rog so haujlwm uas ua haujlwm hauv Kant lub tsev, tsa tus kws tshawb fawb. Sawv los, Kant haus ob peb khob tshuaj yej, haus nws cov yeeb nkab, thiab pib npaj rau kev qhuab qhia. Tom qab cov lus qhuab qhia, nws yog lub sijhawm rau noj hmo, uas tus kws tshawb fawb feem ntau nrog ntau tus qhua. Noj su feem ntau dragged rau 2-3 teev thiab yeej ib txwm nrog kev sib tham cus ciav ntawm ntau yam. Tib yam uas tus kws tshawb fawb tsis xav tham txog lub sijhawm ntawd yog kev xav. Tom qab noj hmo, Kant tau mus taug kev txhua hnub nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nroog, uas tom qab ntawd los ua lus dab neeg. Ua ntej yuav mus pw, tus philosopher nyiam saib lub tsev teev ntuj, lub tsev uas tau pom meej ntawm lub qhov rais ntawm nws chav pw.

Txhawm rau xaiv qhov ntse, koj yuav tsum paub ua ntej koj tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj.

Tag nrho nws lub neej neeg laus, Immanuel Kant ua tib zoo saib xyuas nws tus kheej txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab tau tshaj tawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tu cev, uas nws tus kheej tsim los ntawm kev soj ntsuam mus ntev thiab kev ua tus kheej.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov system no:

  1. Cia koj lub taub hau, ko taw thiab lub hauv siab txias.
  2. Pw tsaug zog tsawg, vim lub txaj yog "zes kab mob." Tus kws tshawb fawb tau paub tseeb tias koj yuav tsum tau pw tsaug zog tsuas yog thaum hmo ntuj, pw tsaug zog thiab luv luv. Thaum pw tsis tsaug zog, nws sim ua kom nws rov qab lo lus "Cicero" hauv nws lub siab.
  3. Txuag ntxiv, saib xyuas koj tus kheej, taug kev txawm tias huab cua.

Kant tsis tau sib yuav, txawm hais tias nws tsis muaj kev xav txog kev sib deev. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, thaum nws xav pib tsev neeg, tsis muaj qhov ua tau, thiab thaum lub sijhawm tshwm sim, qhov kev ntshaw twb dhau mus lawm.

Quotes los ntawm Immanuel Kant
Quotes los ntawm Immanuel Kant

Nyob rau hauv kev xav ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, kev cuam tshuam ntawm H. Wolf, J. J. Rousseau, A. G. Baumgarten, D. Hume thiab lwm tus neeg xav. Bamgarten's Wolffian phau ntawv kawm tau los ua lub hauv paus rau Kant cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm metaphysics. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb nws tus kheej lees paub, cov ntawv sau ntawm Rousseau tau txiav nws los ntawm kev khav theeb. Thiab Hume qhov kev ua tiav "tsim" tus kws tshawb fawb German los ntawm nws "dogmatic tsaug zog".

Pre-critical philosophy

Muaj ob lub sijhawm hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Immanuel Kant: ua ntej qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov tseem ceeb. Nyob rau thawj lub sij hawm, tus kws tshawb fawb maj mam txav deb ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm Wolf's metaphysics. Lub sijhawm thib ob yog lub sijhawm uas Kant tsim cov lus nug txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm metaphysics raws li kev tshawb fawb thiab hais txog kev tsim cov cim tshiab ntawm kev xav los ntawm nws.

Ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej tseem ceeb, kev txhim kho cosmogonic ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, uas nws tau piav qhia hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Lub General Natural History thiab Theory of the Sky" (1755), yog qhov txaus siab tshwj xeeb. Hauv nws txoj kev xav, Immanuel Kant tau sib cav tias kev tsim cov ntiaj chaw tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev xav tias muaj teeb meem, muaj txiaj ntsig nrog lub zog ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab kev nyiam, thaum tso siab rau cov postulates ntawm Newtonian physics.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm tseem ceeb, tus kws tshawb fawb kuj tau mob siab rau kev kawm ntawm qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv 1756, nyob rau hauv ib tug dissertation hu ua "Physical Methodology", nws sau hais tias qhov chaw, ua ib tug tas mus li dynamic ib puag ncig, yog tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm yooj yim discrete tshuaj thiab muaj ib tug txheeb ze tus yam ntxwv.

Philosopher Immanuel Kant
Philosopher Immanuel Kant

Qhov kev qhia tseem ceeb ntawm Immanuel Kant ntawm lub sijhawm no tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv 1763 txoj haujlwm hu ua "Tsuas Muaj Pov Thawj Ua Tau Rau Vajtswv Nyob."Tom qab thuam tag nrho cov pov thawj uas paub txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm Vajtswv, Kant tau muab tso rau ntawm tus kheej "ontological" kev sib cav, uas yog raws li kev lees paub ntawm qhov tsim nyog ntawm qee yam kev muaj nyob hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab nws cov cim nrog lub hwj chim los saum ntuj los.

Kev hloov pauv mus rau qhov kev xav tseem ceeb

Kant txoj kev hloov mus rau kev thuam tau maj mam zuj zus. Cov txheej txheem no pib nrog qhov tseeb tias tus kws tshawb fawb tau hloov kho nws cov kev xav ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm. Nyob rau xyoo 1760s, Kant tau lees paub qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm ua ywj pheej ntawm cov khoom, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tib neeg kev txais tos. Tej yam, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas lawv muaj nyob ntawm lawv tus kheej, tus kws tshawb fawb hu ua "noumena". Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm Kant hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Ntawm Cov Ntawv thiab Cov Ntsiab Lus ntawm Kev Pom Zoo thiab Kev Txawj Ntse Hauv Ntiaj Teb" (1770).

Lub ntsiab lus hloov tom ntej yog "tsim" ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm "dogmatic pw tsaug zog", uas tshwm sim hauv 1771 tom qab Kant paub txog kev txhim kho ntawm D. Hume. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev xav txog qhov kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev xav ntawm lub tswv yim, Kant tau tsim cov lus nug tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev qhia tseem ceeb tshiab. Nws suab zoo li no: "Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho kev paub txog hluavtaws ua ntej?" Tus kws tshawb fawb tau xav tsis thoob los ntawm kev daws cov lus nug no kom txog rau thaum 1781, thaum ua haujlwm "Critique of Pure Reason" pom lub teeb. Hauv 5 xyoos tom ntej no, peb phau ntawv ntxiv los ntawm Immanuel Kant tau luam tawm. Qhov thib ob thiab thib peb Critiques culminated nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no: Lub Critique ntawm Practical Reason (1788) thiab Critique of Judgment (1790). Tus kws tshawb fawb tsis tau tso tseg thiab nyob rau xyoo 1800 nws tau luam tawm ob peb txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntxiv rau yav dhau los.

Phau ntawv los ntawm Immanuel Kant
Phau ntawv los ntawm Immanuel Kant

System of Critical Philosophy

Kant qhov kev thuam muaj cov theoretical thiab cov tswv yim. Qhov kev sib txuas ntawm lawv yog cov kws tshawb fawb cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab cov kev xav tau zoo. Lo lus nug tseem ceeb ntawm kev thuam yog: "Tus neeg yog dab tsi?" Txoj kev kawm ntawm tib neeg lub ntsiab lus yog nqa tawm ntawm ob theem: transcendental (kev txheeb xyuas ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg) thiab empirical (ib tug neeg suav nrog hauv daim ntawv uas nws muaj nyob hauv zej zog).

Cov Lus Qhuab Qhia ntawm Lub Siab

Kant pom tias "dialectic" yog cov lus qhuab qhia uas tsis tsuas yog pab thuam cov lus qhuab qhia ib txwm muaj. Nws ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nkag siab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse - lub siab. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, qhov laj thawj yog lub peev xwm los xav txog qhov tsis muaj xwm txheej. Nws loj hlob tawm ntawm qhov laj thawj (uas ua raws li kev cai lij choj) thiab coj nws mus rau nws lub tswv yim tsis xwm yeem. Cov tswv yim uas tsis muaj ib qho khoom tuaj yeem muab tau los ntawm kev paub dhau los, tus kws tshawb fawb hu ua "cov tswv yim ntawm qhov laj thawj dawb huv".

Peb qhov kev paub pib nrog kev nkag siab, nkag mus rau hauv kev nkag siab, thiab xaus nrog qhov laj thawj. Tsis muaj dab tsi tseem ceeb tshaj qhov laj thawj.

Practical philosophy

Kant lub tswv yim tswv yim yog ua raws li cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm txoj cai ncaj ncees, uas yog "qhov tseeb ntawm qhov laj thawj dawb huv". Nws koom nrog kev coj ncaj ncees nrog lub luag haujlwm tsis muaj xwm txheej. Nws ntseeg hais tias nws cov kev cai yog los ntawm lub siab, uas yog, lub peev xwm los xav txog unconditional. Txij li cov ntawv sau ntawv thoob ntiaj teb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov kev xav ua, lawv tuaj yeem suav hais tias siv tau.

Kev xavImmanuel Kant
Kev xavImmanuel Kant

Social Philosophy

Cov lus nug ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, raws li Kant, tsis txwv rau kev kos duab. Nws tau tham txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm tib neeg tsim lub ntiaj teb kev dag ntxias tag nrho, uas tus kws tshawb fawb suav tias yog lub ntiaj teb kev coj noj coj ua. Kant tau tham txog kev txhim kho kab lis kev cai thiab kev vam meej hauv nws cov haujlwm tom qab. Nws pom kev vam meej ntawm tib neeg lub neej nyob rau hauv kev sib tw ntawm tib neeg thiab lawv lub siab xav lees paub lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, keeb kwm ntawm noob neej yog kev txav mus rau kev lees paub tag nrho ntawm tus nqi thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm tus kheej thiab "kev thaj yeeb nyob mus ib txhis".

Kev sib raug zoo, nyiam sib txuas lus sib txawv ntawm tib neeg, ces tus neeg xav tau kev xav tau thaum nws paub meej tshaj plaws. Siv cov kev xav ntuj, koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov txuj ci tshwj xeeb uas nws yuav tsis tsim ib leeg, tsis muaj zej zog.

Tawm mus

Tus kws tshaj lij kws tshaj lij Immanuel Kant tuag rau lub Ob Hlis 12, 1804. Ua tsaug rau kev tswj hwm nruj, nws, txawm tias tag nrho nws cov mob, muaj sia nyob ntau tus neeg paub thiab cov phooj ywg.

Influence on the following philosophy

Kant txoj kev txhim kho tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav. Nws tau los ua tus tsim ntawm lub npe hu ua German classical philosophy, uas tom qab ntawd tau sawv cev los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm Schelling, Hegel thiab Fichte. Immanuel Kant kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Schopenhauer txoj kev xav. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cov tswv yim cuam tshuam rau kev nyiam romantic. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th neo-Kantianism muaj txoj cai zoo. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, Kant lub hwj chim tau lees paub los ntawm cov thawj exponentsexistentialism, lub tsev kawm phenomenological, analytical philosophy thiab philosophical anthropology.

Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm Immanuel Kant
Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm Immanuel Kant

Ntxhais lus tseeb ntawm lub neej ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Immanuel Kant, nws yog tus neeg nyiam heev thiab zoo heev. Xav txog qee qhov tseeb ntawm nws lub neej:

  1. Tus kws tshawb fawb tsis lees paub 5 qhov pov thawj ntawm Vajtswv lub neej, uas tau ntev ntev tau nyiam txoj cai ncaj ncees, thiab muab nws tus kheej, uas txog niaj hnub no tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem lees paub.
  2. Kant noj tsuas yog noj su, thiab nws hloov lwm yam zaub mov nrog tshuaj yej lossis kas fes. Nws sawv tsees thaum 5 teev tsaus ntuj, thiab sawv ntawm 22 teev tsaus ntuj.
  3. Txawm hais tias nws txoj kev xav ncaj ncees, Kant yog tus txhawb nqa ntawm kev tawm tsam Semitism.
  4. Tus kws tshawb fawb qhov siab tsuas yog 157 cm, uas, piv txwv li, yog 9 cm tsawg dua ntawm Pushkin.
  5. Thaum Hitler los ua hwj chim, cov Nazis khav theeb hu ua Kant ib tug Aryan tiag.
  6. Kant paub hnav khaub ncaws zoo li cas, txawm hais tias nws xav tias kev zam tsis zoo.
  7. Raws li zaj dab neeg ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, tus kws tshawb fawb, thaum hais lus, feem ntau tsom nws ob lub qhov muag ntawm ib tus neeg mloog. Muaj ib hnub nws kho nws ob lub qhov muag ntawm ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv uas nws cov khaub ncaws tsis muaj khawm. Qhov teeb meem no tam sim ntawd tshem tag nrho cov xib fwb txoj kev xav, nws ua tsis meej pem thiab tsis xav.
  8. Kant muaj peb tug hlob thiab xya tus kwv yau. Ntawm cov no, tsuas yog plaub tus ciaj sia, thaum tus so tuag thaum yau.
  9. Nyob ze ntawm lub tsev ntawm Immanuel Kant, uas nws phau ntawv keeb kwm yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm peb kev tshuaj xyuas, muaj lub tsev loj cuj hauv nroog. ATNtawm no cov neeg raug kaw raug yuam kom hu nkauj ntawm sab ntsuj plig txhua hnub. Tus philosopher chim heev nrog lub suab ntawm cov neeg ua phem ua phem rau nws tig mus rau burgomaster nrog kev thov kom txwv qhov kev coj ua.
  10. Qhia los ntawm Immanuel Kant ib txwm nrov heev. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog "Muaj lub siab tawv siv koj lub siab! "Qhov ntawd yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm Kev Txawj Ntse." Ib txhia ntawm lawv kuj tau muab rau hauv kev tshuaj xyuas.

Pom zoo: