Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj yog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj thawj zaug (reagent) mus rau lwm qhov, uas cov nuclei ntawm atoms tsis hloov pauv, tab sis cov txheej txheem ntawm redistribution ntawm electrons thiab nuclei tshwm sim. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tsis tsuas yog tus naj npawb ntawm atomic nuclei tsis hloov, tab sis kuj muaj cov isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj.
Txoj kev tshuaj lom neeg
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw lossis kev sib cuag ntawm lub cev ntawm cov tshuaj reagents, lossis los ntawm lawv tus kheej, lossis los ntawm kev nce qhov kub, lossis los ntawm kev siv cov catalysts, lossis los ntawm kev raug lub teeb, thiab lwm yam.
Cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg uas tshwm sim hauv qhov teeb meem yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem lub cev thiab kev hloov pauv nuclear. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev txhais tau hais tias kev khaws cia ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, txawm li cas los xij, daim ntawv lossis lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau tuaj yeem hloov pauv. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj yog ib yam khoom tshiab uas muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas txawv ntawm cov reagents. Tab sis nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj, atoms ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshiab yeej tsis tsim: qhov no yog vim lub fact tias tag nrho cov transformations tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub electron plhaub thiab tsis.cuam tshuam rau lub hauv paus. Nuclear cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hloov cov atoms ntawm nucleus ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus uas koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem no, uas yog vim li cas rau kev tsim cov atoms tshiab.
Siv tshuaj tiv thaiv
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj pab kom tau yuav luag txhua yam khoom uas tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv qhov muaj tsawg lossis tsis tag. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj, nws muaj peev xwm los tsim cov tshiab, tsis paub tshuaj uas yuav pab tau rau ib tug neeg hauv nws lub neej.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig thiab tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntuj tsim nrog cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau lub voj voog uas twb muaj lawm, uas ua rau muaj teeb meem ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej thiab ua rau peb xav txog kev siv cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab kev txuag. ntawm ib puag ncig.
Kev cais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
Muaj ntau ntau pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: los ntawm qhov muaj nyob ntawm theem ciam teb, kev hloov pauv ntawm qib oxidation, thermal nyhuv, hom kev hloov pauv ntawm cov reagents, kev taw qhia ntawm ntws, kev koom tes ntawm cov catalyst thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm spontaneity..
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav txiav txim siab tsuas yog pab pawg nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm ntws.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv kev taw qhia
Muaj ob hom tshuaj tiv thaiv - irreversible thiab thim rov qab. Irreversible tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov uas mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia thiab ua rauuas yog hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm reactants rau hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov no muaj xws li combustion thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog los ntawm kev tsim cov pa roj los yog sediment - nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov uas mus "mus txog thaum kawg".
Reversible - cov no yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim hauv ob qho kev qhia ib zaug, tawm tsam ib leeg. Hauv kev sib npaug uas qhia txog cov kev hloov pauv hloov tau, cov cim sib npaug yog hloov los ntawm cov xub taw qhia nyob rau hauv ntau cov lus qhia. Hom no tau muab faib ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ncaj qha thiab rov qab. Txij li thaum pib cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rov qab tau noj thiab tsim nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tsis hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas yog vim li cas nws yog ib qho kev cai hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rov qab tsis mus ua kom tiav. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rov qab yog qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj reactants thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Cov chav kawm ntawm kev thim rov qab (ob qho tib si ncaj qha thiab thim rov qab) kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj reagents tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm kev siab, concentration ntawm reagents, kub.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rov qab thiab rov qab
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws tsim nyog nkag siab cov ntsiab lus. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj yog tus nqi ntawm cov khoom uas nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm nws ib chav tsev ntawm lub sij hawm ib chav tsev ntim.
Puas tus nqi ntawm qhov rov qab los yog nyob ntawm qee yam thiab nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv li cas?
Koj ua tau. Muaj tsib yam tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv tus nqi ntws mus rau pem hauv ntej thiab thim rov qab:
- substance concentration,
- thaj tsam ntawm cov tshuaj reagents,
- siab,
- muaj los yog tsis muaj cov catalyst,
- temperature.
Raws li lub ntsiab lus, koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov qauv: ν=ΔС / Δt, uas ν yog tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ΔС yog qhov kev hloov hauv concentration, Δt yog lub sijhawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog hais tias peb siv lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li tus nqi tas li, nws hloov tawm tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi ntawm nws cov ndlwg yog ncaj qha proportional rau qhov kev hloov ntawm cov concentration ntawm cov reagents. Yog li, peb pom tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kuj yog ncaj qha proportional rau thaj tsam ntawm cov reactants vim qhov nce ntawm cov reactant hais thiab lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam. Kev hloov ntawm qhov kub thiab txias kuj cuam tshuam rau tib yam. Nyob ntawm nws qhov nce lossis txo qis, kev sib tsoo ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom yuav nce lossis txo qis, vim tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov hloov pauv ncaj qha thiab thim rov qab.
Dab tsi cuam tshuam qhov kev hloov pauv hauv siab muaj rau cov reactants? Cov kev hloov hauv siab yuav cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi nkaus xwb hauv ib puag ncig gaseous. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov nrawm yuav nce ntxiv rau kev hloov pauv hauv siab.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov catalyst ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, suav nrog kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha thiab thim rov qab, tau muab zais rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm catalyst, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tsuas yog qhov nce ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm reagents.
