Nyob hauv lub neej niaj hnub no, cov khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom. Thiab yog tsis muaj nws, raws li koj paub, nws yuav tsis yooj yim sua kom tsim ib yam khoom uas tib neeg siv los yog haus txhua hnub.
Cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus
Kev ua haujlwm yog ib yam uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm tus neeg thiab cov khoom ua haujlwm, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov khoom kawg thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig cov khoom siv. Txhawm rau muab nws yooj yim, cov cuab yeej zoo li no tso cai rau koj los cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam khoom (cov khoom siv raw) rau lawv qhov kev hloov pauv (ua tiav) rau hauv cov khoom tiav. Qhov ntawd yog, txhais tau tias kev ua haujlwm yog yam uas tus neeg siv los hais txog ib yam khoom.
Raws li kev nkag siab dav dav, cov cuab yeej no suav nrog txhua yam khoom siv (cov cuab yeej, ntsuas ntsuas), yam tsis tuaj yeem ua cov khoom tiav (khoos phis tawj, zaub mov, tsev, thiab lwm yam).
Kev ua haujlwm yog yam uas tus neeg ua haujlwm yog tsom rau. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom zoo sib xws yog suav nrog hauv cov khoom tiav.
Tim khoom ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Lawv feem ntau muab faib ua cov hauv qab nopawg:
- Cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam teeb: paj rwb, txhob lo lo ntxhuav, ntoo, linen, roj hmab, ntaub plaub, tawv, thiab lwm yam.
- Hlau uas tuaj yeem ua tsis yog hlau thiab dub. Thawj pab pawg muaj xws li: tooj liab, txhuas, thiab alloys xws li tooj dag lossis tooj liab. Ferrous hlau yog hlau (cov qauv, alloyed) thiab cam khwb cia hlau (grey, dawb, malleable), uas muaj ntau tshaj 2% carbon.
- Cov khoom siv roj av: roj av, roj av, cov khoom siv roj ntsha. Cov tom kawg suav nrog cov kua, khoom lossis cov khoom yas uas feem ntau siv los txo qhov hnav thiab kev sib txhuam hauv cov ntawm cov tshuab thiab cov txheej txheem.
- Ferrous metallurgy cov ntaub ntawv: ferroalloys, hlau ores, coke.
- Cov khoom siv raw siv hauv papermaking: cov ntawv pov tseg, ntoo pulp, pulp (sulphate, sulfite thiab cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog ntoo).
- Cov khoom siv hauv tsev, uas, dhau los, tau muab faib ua ntuj thiab dag. Thawj pab pawg ntawm cov khoom siv raw suav nrog cov khoom siv tsis zoo (pob zeb, xuab zeb) thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (ntoo, straw, husks, thiab lwm yam). Txhua yam uas tau tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw yog suav tias yog khoom siv. Piv txwv li, ntau yam emulsions thiab pastes, xim, cib, cement, thiab lwm yam.
- Hloov cov ntaub ntawv raw: ntoo thiab ntoo.
- Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg: dej qab zib, acetone, hmoov, acids, ntau yam xim, suav nrog zaub mov.
- Pipes: steel, cam khwb cia hlau thiab tsis yog hlau (ceramic, iav, reinforced pob zeb, asbestos-cement).
- Hloovcov ntaub ntawv (hardware).
Kev faib tawm txhais tau tias kev ua haujlwm
Conventionally, lawv muab faib ua cov hauv qab no:
- Ntuj, uas yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab yog siv los ntawm tib neeg rau kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, av lossis dej ntws.
- Technical txhais tau tias ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog cov khoom tsim nyog los tsim cov khoom kawg uas tau tsim los ntawm tib neeg.
Cov khoom kawg ntawm cov npe suav nrog:
- Manual.
- Automatic.
- Mechanical tools.
Hand tools
Cov kev ua haujlwm zoo li no yog cov khoom siv tsuas yog tom qab siv tib neeg lub cev lub zog. Cov no suav nrog, piv txwv li, cov cuab yeej siv ntoo tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm nrog ntoo thiab cov khoom zoo sib xws. Nws tuaj yeem yog lub rooj zaum ua haujlwm, chisel, saw, planer, thiab lwm yam.
Dhau li ntawm qhov no, muaj lwm yam cuab yeej cuam tshuam rau pawg phau ntawv. Piv txwv li, cov cuab yeej siv (trowel, shovel, rauj, ntswj ntsia hlau, spatula, rammer), ntsuas cov cuab yeej (caliper, ntsuas ntsuas, ntsuas ntsuas) thiab cov khoom siv thauj khoom (trolley, wheelbarrow, thoob).
Raws li txoj cai, cov cuab yeej siv tes siv yuav luag txhua txoj haujlwm: los ntawm tus kws ntoo mus rau tus kws phais.
Mechanical tools
pab pawg no suav nrog txhua yam khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv uas muaj tsav lossis lub cav, uas xav tau tib neeg lub cev lub zog pib. Qhov yooj yim piv txwv ntawm mechanic altxhais tau tias kev ua hauj lwm yog thauj (tsheb, hluav taws xob tsheb).
Thiab kuj tseem txhim kho cov qauv ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tes ua cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws. Piv txwv li, cov cuab yeej siv pneumatic xws li jackhammer, hluav taws xob jigsaw lossis laum.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov cuab yeej siv, cov cuab yeej siv tshuab tau siv los ntawm cov neeg ntawm ntau txoj haujlwm.
phom tsis siv neeg
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm pab pawg no suav nrog yuav luag txhua yam khoom siv uas tsis ua tiav lossis ib feem xav tau kev siv tib neeg lub cev lub zog. Xws li kev teeb tsa feem ntau yog siv hauv serial lossis loj ntau lawm los xyuas kom meej cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm cov khoom siv no yog ib txoj kab tsis siv neeg. Raws li kev teeb tsa, cov txheej txheem zoo li no muaj peev xwm tsim cov khoom sib txawv. Tab sis feem ntau lawv yog siv rau ntim cov khoom thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv raw.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov kab tsis siv neeg yog tias lawv tsis tas yuav muaj ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm nrog lawv. Ib lossis ob nqe lus txaus.
