Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, tau muaj qhov kev xav tau ruaj khov rau kev xeem ntawv hauv chemistry ntawm cov kawm tiav qib 9 thiab 11th. Yog vim li cas yog qhov muaj koob meej ntawm kev kho mob thiab engineering universities, nyob rau hauv uas chemistry ua raws li kev xeem profile.
Kev sib tw
Yuav kom muaj kev sib tw thaum ua ntawv thov, cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum ua kom pom kev paub txog qib siab ntawm kev xeem.
Cov teeb meem uas cov hmoov sulfur tau tov nrog ntau tshaj ntawm cov hmoov txhuas, tom qab ntawd cov kua qaub ntxiv, tom qab ntawd dej yog qhov nyuaj tshwj xeeb rau cov kws kho mob thiab cov kws ua haujlwm yav tom ntej. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ua kev suav, txiav txim siab ib qho ntawm cov khoom, thiab tseem kos cov kev sib npaug rau cov kev tshwm sim tsis tu ncua.
Yuav daws teeb meem li cas rau txhuas hmoov sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj inorganic? Cia peb nyob ntawm qhov teeb meem no kom ntxaws ntxiv.
thawj piv txwv
Sulfur hmoov yog tov nrog txhuas hmoov, ces cov sib tov yog rhuab, cov khoom tau nyob rau hauvqhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, muab tso rau hauv dej. Cov roj uas tau muab faib ua ob ntu. Ib qho yog tov nrog hydrochloric acid, thiab sodium hydroxide tov tau ntxiv rau qhov thib ob kom txog thaum cov dej nag yaj. Cov kev hloov pauv twg tau tshwm sim? Sau qhov sib npaug rau txhua qhov kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv tau piav qhia hauv txoj haujlwm.
Cov lus teb rau lo lus nug yuav tsum yog plaub qhov sib npaug nrog stereochemical coefficients.
Sulfur hmoov tov nrog cov hmoov txhuas ntau dhau, ua li cas? Cov tshuaj ua raws li lub tswv yim, qhov twg cov khoom kawg yog ntsev.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm txhuas sulfide nyob rau hauv cov dej ib puag ncig undergoes hydrolysis. Txij li cov ntsev no yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog (aluminium hydroxide) thiab tsis muaj zog hydrosulfide acid, ua tiav hydrolysis tshwm sim. Cov txheej txheem tsim ib lub hauv paus insoluble thiab volatile acid.
Nyob rau hauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ib qho ntawm cov khoom, uas yog aluminium hydroxide nrog hydrochloric acid, ib qho kev sib pauv ion tshwm sim.
Muab tias txhuas hydroxide muaj amphoteric (dual) tshuaj muaj zog, nws tsim cov ntsev complex (sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate) nrog sodium hydroxide tov.
piv txwv thib ob
Cia peb xav txog lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm txoj haujlwm uas cuam tshuam nrog kev sau cov txheej txheem hais hauv qhov xwm txheej. Aluminium hmoov yog tov nrog iodine. Ntxiv me me dej. Lub compound tau txais nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem yog yaj nyob rau hauv dej, ib tug tshaj ntawm ammonia dej yog ntxiv rau nws. Lub precipitate yog lim tawm, calcined. Rau qhov seem ntawm calcinationsodium carbonate yog ntxiv, qhov sib tov yog fused. Sau plaub qhov sib npaug sib npaug nrog stereochemical coefficients sib haum rau cov txheej txheem piav qhia.
Vim cov hmoov txhuas yog tov nrog iodine raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov teeb meem, thawj qhov sib npaug rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom yooj yim muaj daim ntawv:
2Al+3I2=2AlI3
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yuav tsum muaj dej me me, uas tau hais hauv qhov xwm txheej.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no qhia txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm txhuas iodide tau txais thawj theem nrog sodium hydroxide:
AlI3 + 3NaOH=Al(OH)3 + 3NaI
Vim cov khoom ntawm cov txheej txheem no (aluminium hydroxide) nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm cov hauv paus, nws nkag mus rau hauv kev sib pauv ion nrog cov kua qaub, ntsev thiab dej ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
Al(OH)3 + 3HCL=AlCl3 + 3H2O
Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv los daws qhov teeb meem uas cov hmoov txhuas tshwm sim yog qhov kawg tshwm sim. Thaum aluminium chloride cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm sodium carbonate hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib xyaw, cov txheej txheem ntawm hydrolysis ntawm cov ntsev tau mus, ua rau kev tsim cov sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, thiab aluminium hydroxide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no:
2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2 O=2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6NaCL
Cov menyuam kawm ntawv muaj teeb meem dab tsi
Nyob hauv qee txoj haujlwm, nws xav tias phosphorus tau tov ntau dhaualuminium hmoov. Kev daws algorithm zoo ib yam li ob qho piv txwv yav dhau los. Ntawm cov teeb meem uas cov neeg kawm tiav tau ntsib hauv cov haujlwm zoo li no, peb nco ntsoov nyeem cov xwm txheej tsis txaus ntseeg. Tawm tawm ntawm qhov pom, piv txwv li, muaj dej hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov, cov neeg kawm tiav tsis nco qab txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm hydrolysis hauv qhov sib tov, sau tsis raug rau cov tshuaj sib npaug ntawm cov txheej txheem. Tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem piav qhia txog kev ua nrog cov tshuaj: evaporation, filtering, calcination, roasting, fusion, sintering. Yog tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, nws tsis tuaj yeem suav nrog kev ua tiav cov haujlwm ntawm hom no.
piv txwv thib peb
Ignite manganese (II) nitrate. Ntxiv cov concentrated hydrochloric acid rau cov khoom xim av. Cov roj liberated hauv cov txheej txheem no yog dhau los ntawm hydrosulfide acid. Thaum cov barium chloride ntxiv rau cov kev daws teeb meem, nag lossis daus tau pom. Sau plaub qhov sib npaug sib npaug sib npaug rau cov kev hloov pauv tau piav qhia.
Thaum calcined, ntau yam khoom yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm ib yam khoom ib zaug. Hauv qhov teeb meem, cov roj av xim av thiab manganese oxide (IV) tau txais los ntawm thawj nitrate:
Mn(NO3)2 →MnO2 + 2NO 2
Tom qab ntxiv cov concentrated hydrochloric acid rau cov khoom, ntxiv rau cov tshuaj chlorine gaseous, dej tau txais, nrog rau manganese (II) chloride:
MnO2 + 4 HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl 2
Nws yog cov tshuaj chlorine uas cuam tshuam nrog hydrosulfide acid, sulfur yog tsim los ua precipitate. Cov txheej txheem sib npaug yog raws li hauv qab no:
Cl2 +H2S → 2HCl + S
Vim cov sulfur tsis muaj peev xwm tsim cov precipitate nrog barium chloride, nws yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account tias kev sib xyaw ntawm chlorine thiab hydrogen sulfide nyob rau hauv muaj cov dej molecules tuaj yeem cuam tshuam raws li hauv qab no:
4Cl2 + H2S + 4H2O → 8HCl + H 2SO4
Yog li ntawd, sulfuric acid reacts nrog barium chloride:
Н2SO4 + BaCl2 →BaSO4+ 2HCl
cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb
Tsis yog txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm theem siab tsis paub yuav ua li cas cov hmoov txhuas tau txais hauv kev lag luam, qhov twg lawv siv. Yam tsawg kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev sim ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv chav kawm chemistry hauv tsev kawm ntawv muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv cov kev txawj ntse. Tias yog vim li cas cov dej num cuam tshuam nrog lub xeev tag nrho ntawm teeb meem, nws cov xim, cov yam ntxwv ua rau muaj teeb meem rau cov neeg kawm tiav uas tau txais kev sib koom ua ke hauv xeev hauv chemistry.
Feem ntau, cov kws sau ntawv xeem siv cov txhuas oxide, cov hmoov uas ua rau cov sulfur lossis halogen, sib sau ua ke, sulfide lossis halide. Cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab tsis nco qab qhov tseeb tias cov ntsev ua rau muaj hydrolysis hauv cov tshuaj aqueous, yog li lawv ua qhov thib ob ntawm txoj haujlwm tsis raug, poob cov ntsiab lus.
TauTxhawm rau tiv thaiv yam tsis muaj qhov yuam kev nrog cov lus nug ntsig txog ntau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj lub tswv yim ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cations thiab anions, kom paub txog cov xwm txheej ntawm hydrolysis, sau cov molecular thiab ionic sib npaug. Thaum tsis muaj kev txawj ntse, cov lus nug txog cov cim sab nraud ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom ua rau nyuaj.
