Txoj kev ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas titrimetric. Titration hom. Analytical chemistry

Cov txheej txheem:

Txoj kev ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas titrimetric. Titration hom. Analytical chemistry
Txoj kev ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas titrimetric. Titration hom. Analytical chemistry
Anonim

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas titrimetric yog faib raws li kev xaiv titration thiab raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj uas tau xaiv los txiav txim rau cov khoom (cov khoom siv). Hauv cov chemistry niaj hnub no, kev txheeb xyuas qhov ntau thiab qhov zoo yog qhov txawv.

cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsom xam titrimetric
cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsom xam titrimetric

Kev faib tawm

Titrimetric txoj kev tsom xam yog xaiv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb. Nyob ntawm hom kev sib cuam tshuam, muaj kev faib tawm ntawm kev txiav txim siab titrimetric rau hauv nyias hom.

Txoj kev tsom xam:

  • Redox Titration; Cov txheej txheem yog raws li kev hloov pauv hauv oxidation lub xeev ntawm cov khoom hauv cov khoom.
  • Kev tsim kom yooj yim yog cov tshuaj lom neeg nyuaj.
  • Acid-base titration cuam tshuam nrog kev ua tiav ntawm cov tshuaj sib cuam tshuam.
titration nkhaus
titration nkhaus

Neutralization

Acid-base titration tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm inorganic acids (alkalimetry), nrog rau suav cov hauv paus (acidimetry) hauv cov tshuaj uas xav tau. Txoj kev no yog siv los txiav txim cov tshuaj uas ua rau cov ntsev. NtawmKev siv cov kuab tshuaj organic (acetone, cawv) ua rau nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ntau yam tshuaj.

kev tsim txom

Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tsom xam titrimetric? Nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab cov tshuaj los ntawm nag lossis daus ntawm qhov xav tau ion raws li cov khoom tsis zoo soluble lossis nws txoj kev khi rau hauv qhov chaw tsis zoo.

acid puag titration
acid puag titration

Redoximetry

Redox titration yog raws li kev txo qis thiab oxidation tshwm sim. Raws li kev siv titrated reagent tov hauv analytical chemistry, muaj:

  • permanganatometry, uas yog raws li kev siv cov poov tshuaj permanganate;
  • iodometry, uas yog raws li iodine oxidation thiab txo iodide;
  • bichromatometry, uas siv oxidation nrog potassium bichromate;
  • bromatometry raws li cov poov tshuaj bromate oxidation.

Redox txoj kev ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam titrimetric suav nrog cov txheej txheem xws li cerimetry, titanometry, vanadometry. Lawv koom nrog oxidation lossis txo cov ions ntawm cov hlau sib xws.

redox titration
redox titration

By titration method

Muaj kev faib tawm ntawm txoj kev tsom xam titrimetric nyob ntawm txoj kev titration. Hauv qhov sib txawv ncaj qha, cov ion yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab yog titrated nrog cov tshuaj reagent xaiv. Cov txheej txheem titration hauv txoj kev hloov pauv yog ua raws li kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov muajcov tshuaj tsis ruaj khov. Residue titration (rov qab txoj kev) yog siv thaum nws nyuaj rau xaiv qhov taw qhia, nrog rau thaum cov tshuaj sib cuam tshuam qeeb. Piv txwv li, thaum txiav txim siab calcium carbonate, ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov khoom raug kho nrog ntau tshaj ntawm cov tshuaj titrated hydrochloric acid.

Analysis Meaning

Txhua txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tsom xam titrimetric xav tias:

  • kev txiav txim siab meej ntawm qhov ntim ntawm ib lossis txhua yam ntawm cov tshuaj reacting;
  • muaj cov tshuaj titrated, ua tsaug uas cov txheej txheem titration tau ua;
  • revealing analysis results.

Titration ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem yog lub hauv paus ntawm analytical chemistry, yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau xav txog cov hauj lwm hauv paus ua thaum lub sij hawm sim. Nqe lus no yog ze ze rau kev xyaum ua txhua hnub. Tsis muaj lub tswv yim hais txog qhov muaj cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab cov impurities hauv cov khoom siv raw lossis cov khoom lag luam, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev npaj cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, tshuaj, thiab metallurgical industries. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm analytical chemistry yog siv rau cov teeb meem kev lag luam nyuaj.

Fundamentals ntawm analytical chemistry
Fundamentals ntawm analytical chemistry

Kev tshawb fawb hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam chemistry

Kab chemistry no yog kev tshawb fawb txog kev txiav txim siab txog yam khoom lossis yam khoom. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsom xam titrimetric - cov txheej txheem siv los ua qhov kev sim. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, tus kws tshawb fawb kos cov lus xaus txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom, cov ntsiab lus kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm ib tus neeg hauv nws. Nws kuj tseem ua tau thaum lub sij hawm analytical tsom xam los txheeb xyuasoxidation lub xeev nyob rau hauv uas lub Cheebtsam ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no nyob. Thaum faib cov txheej txheem ntawm analytical chemistry, lawv coj mus rau hauv tus account raws nraim li cas yuav tsum tau ua. Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov loj ntawm cov sediment, siv txoj kev tshawb fawb gravimetric. Thaum txheeb xyuas qhov kev siv ntawm kev daws teeb meem, kev tsom xam photometric yog tsim nyog. Qhov loj ntawm EMF los ntawm potentiometry txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj tshawb fawb. Titration nkhaus kom meej meej qhia qhov kev sim.

titration ntawm kev daws teeb meem
titration ntawm kev daws teeb meem

Txoj Kev Txheeb Xyuas Txheej Txheem

Yog tias tsim nyog, hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam chemistry, lub cev-tshuaj lom neeg, classical (chemical), nrog rau cov qauv siv lub cev. Raws li cov txheej txheem tshuaj, nws yog ib txwm ua kom nkag siab txog kev ntsuas titrimetric thiab gravimetric. Ob txoj kev yog classical, pov thawj, thiab dav siv nyob rau hauv analytical chemistry. Qhov hnyav (gravimetric) txoj kev suav nrog kev txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm cov khoom xav tau lossis nws cov khoom siv, uas yog cais nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntshiab, nrog rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm insoluble compounds. Txoj kev ntsuas volumetric (titrimetric) yog raws li kev txiav txim siab qhov ntim ntawm cov reagent noj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, coj nyob rau hauv ib tug paub concentration. Muaj kev faib cov tshuaj thiab lub cev rau hauv cov pab pawg sib cais:

  • kho qhov muag (spectral);
  • electrochemical;
  • radiometric;
  • chromatographic;
  • mass spectrometry.

Titrimetric kev kawm tshwj xeeb

Nqe lus piav qhia noChemistry suav nrog ntsuas tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj reagent uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj nrog tus nqi paub ntawm cov khoom xav tau. Lub ntsiab ntawm cov txheej txheem yog hais tias ib tug reagent nrog ib tug paub concentration yog ntxiv dropwise rau ib tug tov ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas. Nws qhov ntxiv txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum nws cov nyiaj sib npaug rau tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas nrog nws. Txoj kev no tso cai rau kev suav cov lej ceev hauv analytical chemistry.

Tus kws tshawb fawb Fabkis txoj Gay-Lusac raug suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm cov txheej txheem. Cov khoom lossis cov khoom txiav txim siab hauv ib qho qauv yog hu ua cov khoom raug txiav txim. Ntawm lawv tej zaum yuav yog ions, atoms, pab pawg ua haujlwm, cuam tshuam dawb radicals. Reagents yog gaseous, kua, khoom khoom uas hnov mob nrog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg. Cov txheej txheem ntawm titration muaj nyob rau hauv ntxiv ib qho kev daws rau lwm tus thaum sib tov tas li. Ib qho yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev ua tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem titration yog siv cov tshuaj nrog cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb (titrant). Rau kev suav, qhov normality ntawm kev daws yog siv, uas yog, tus naj npawb ntawm gram sib npaug ntawm cov khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv 1 liter ntawm cov tshuaj. Titration nkhaus yog tsim tom qab xam.

Cov tshuaj lom neeg lossis cov khoom sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg hauv qhov hnyav txhais tau zoo sib xws rau lawv cov gram sib npaug.

txheej txheem titration
txheej txheem titration

Kev xaiv rau kev npaj cov tshuaj titrated raws lihnyav pib khoom

Raws li thawj txoj hauv kev ntawm kev npaj kev daws teeb meem nrog cov ntsiab lus muab (ib qho titer), ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab yaj cov qauv ntawm qhov tseeb hauv dej lossis lwm cov kuab tshuaj, nrog rau diluting cov tshuaj npaj rau qhov xav tau ntim.. Lub titer ntawm qhov tshwm sim reagent tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov paub qhov loj ntawm cov ntshiab compound thiab los ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj npaj. Cov txheej txheem no yog siv los npaj titrated daws ntawm cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem tau txais hauv daim ntawv ntshiab, cov muaj pes tsawg leeg uas tsis hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev. Rau qhov hnyav cov khoom siv, lub raj mis nrog lub hau kaw yog siv. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj cov kev daws teeb meem no tsis haum rau cov khoom uas muaj hygroscopicity, nrog rau cov tebchaw uas nkag mus rau hauv tshuaj lom neeg nrog carbon monoxide (4).

Qhov thib ob thev naus laus zis rau kev npaj cov tshuaj titrated yog siv ntawm cov chaw lag luam tshwj xeeb, hauv cov chaw kuaj mob tshwj xeeb. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev siv cov khoom ntshiab ntshiab uas hnyav hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, nrog rau kev siv cov kev daws teeb meem nrog qee qhov normality. Cov tshuaj yog muab tso rau hauv iav ampoules, ces lawv raug kaw. Cov tshuaj uas nyob rau hauv lub iav ampoules yog hu ua fixanals. Thaum lub sij hawm qhov kev sim ncaj qha, lub ampoule nrog cov reagent tau tawg hla lub funnel, uas muaj cov cuab yeej xuas nrig ntaus. Tom ntej no, tag nrho cov khoom raug xa mus rau lub khob ntim ntim, tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev ntxiv dej, qhov yuav tsum tau ntim ntawm cov tshuaj ua haujlwm tau txais.

Titration kuj siv ib qho tshwj xeebkev ua algorithm. Lub burette tau sau nrog kev npaj ua haujlwm ua haujlwm rau lub cim xoom kom tsis muaj cua npuas hauv nws qhov qis. Tom ntej no, cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yog ntsuas nrog lub pipette, ces nws yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub khob conical. Ntxiv ob peb tee ntawm qhov taw qhia rau nws. Maj mam, cov kev daws teeb meem ua haujlwm yog ntxiv dropwise rau cov kua tiav los ntawm cov burette, thiab cov xim hloov tau saib xyuas. Thaum cov xim ruaj khov tshwm, uas tsis ploj tom qab 5-10 vib nas this, ua tiav cov txheej txheem titration raug txiav txim. Tom qab ntawd lawv mus rau qhov kev suav, suav cov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj siv nrog qhov muab cov concentration, kos cov lus xaus los ntawm kev sim.

Zoo kawg

Titrimetric tsom xam tso cai rau koj los txiav txim seb qhov ntau thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas. Txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam chemistry no yog tsim nyog rau ntau yam kev lag luam, nws yog siv hauv tshuaj, tshuaj. Thaum xaiv cov kev daws teeb meem, nws cov khoom siv tshuaj yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account, nrog rau lub peev xwm los tsim cov tshuaj insoluble nrog cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv kev kawm.

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