Suab ntawm kev hais lus, qauv ntawm kev sib txuas suab, suab sib txuas - qhov no yog txhua yam kev kawm hauv xov tooj. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog ib ceg ntawm ib qho kev qhuab qhia loj - kev kawm lus, uas tshawb nrhiav cov lus xws li.
Basics of Phonetics
Kom ua kom pom tseeb dua qhov kev kawm phonetics, nws txaus los xav txog cov qauv ntawm txhua yam lus. Nyob rau hauv nws muaj kev sib txuas tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus sab hauv, qhov ncauj thiab sau ntawv. Phonetics yog qhov kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov kev tsim kho no. Cov kev qhuab qhia tseem ceeb rau nws yog orthoepy (kev cai hais lus) thiab cov duab (sau).
Yog tias koj muab ib tsab ntawv (kos npe) thiab nws lub suab rau hauv ib daim duab, koj tau txais cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg hais lus. Qhov no yog raws nraim li kev kawm phonetics. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj tshawb txog cov khoom siv ntawm kev hais lus, uas yog, cov cuab yeej uas tus neeg siv hauv nws cov lus. Qhov no yog lub thiaj li hu ua pronunciation apparatus - ib txheej ntawm lub cev tsim nyog rau articulation. Phonologists xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab, tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus ib txwm ua tsis tau.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm phonetics
Yuav kom nkag siab qhov kev kawm phonetics, nws tseem yuav tsum tau tig mus rau keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb no. Ua ntejCov kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub suab qauv ntawm cov lus tau tshwm sim ntawm cov Greek philosophers thaum ub. Plato, Heraclitus, Aristotle thiab Democritus tau xav txog cov cuab yeej hais lus. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7th BC. e. Cov qauv sau ntawv tau tshwm sim, thiab nrog nws, kev txheeb xyuas lub suab thiab kev faib cov suab rau hauv cov lus thiab cov suab. Cov no tsuas yog cov xwm txheej ua ntej rau kev yug ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no.
Nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Kawg, cov kws tshawb fawb nyob sab Europe thawj zaug xav paub txog qhov tsim ntawm lub suab. Tus tsim ntawm acoustic txoj kev xav ntawm lub suab reproduction yog German tus kws kho mob Christian Kratzenstein. Qhov tseeb tias nws yog cov kws kho mob uas tau los ua tus pioneers ntawm phonetics tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Lawv cov kev kawm ntawm kev hais lus yog ntawm ib tug physiological xwm. Tshwj xeeb, cov kws kho mob tau txaus siab rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm lag ntseg-mutism.
Nyob rau xyoo 19th, phonetics kawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb cov lus. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim ib txoj kev sib piv-keeb kwm rau kev kawm lus. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib piv cov lus sib txawv nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg. Ua tsaug rau xws li kev tshuaj xyuas lub suab, nws muaj peev xwm ua pov thawj tias cov lus sib txawv muaj cov hauv paus hniav. Muaj kev faib cov lus los ntawm pawg loj thiab tsev neeg. Lawv tau ua raws li qhov sib xws tsis yog hauv phonetics xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kab lus, lus, thiab lwm yam.
Russian phonetics
Yog vim li cas kawm phonetics? Keeb kwm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob qhia tau hais tias tsis muaj qhov kev qhuab qhia no nws nyuaj rau kev nkag siab txog cov lus ntawm lub tebchaws. Piv txwv li, lub phonetics ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus twb xub kawm los ntawm Mikhail Lomonosov.
Nws yog ib tug generalist thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj nyob rau hauv natural science. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus Lavxias yeej ib txwm nyiam Lomonosov meej los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev hais lus pej xeem. Tus kws tshawb fawb yog ib tug rhetorician nto moo. Nyob rau hauv 1755, nws sau "Lavxias teb sab Grammar", uas tshawb nrhiav lub hauv paus ntawm lub suab lus Lavxias teb sab. Tshwj xeeb, tus sau piav qhia cov suab thiab lawv qhov xwm txheej. Hauv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, nws tau siv cov kev xav tshiab ntawm European kev paub lus hauv lub sijhawm ntawd.
International Phonetic Alphabet
Hauv xyoo pua 18th, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Qub tau paub txog Sanskrit. Nws yog ib hom lus Indian. Nws noteworthy yog hais tias cov lus no yog ib qho ntawm feem ancient ntawm tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg kev vam meej. Sanskrit muaj keeb kwm Indo-European. Qhov no nyiam cov neeg tshawb fawb Western.
Tsis ntev, dhau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv xov tooj, lawv tau txiav txim siab tias cov lus Indian thiab European muaj hom lus nyob deb. Qhov no yog li cas universal phonetics tshwm sim. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau teeb tsa lawv tus kheej txoj haujlwm tsim ib tus tsiaj ntawv uas yuav ntes cov suab ntawm txhua lub ntiaj teb cov lus. Lub thoob ntiaj teb transcription kaw kaw lus tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Nws tshwm sim thiab tau ntxiv rau hnub no. Nws ua rau nws yooj yim los piv cov lus nyob deb thiab sib txawv.
Section of phonetics
Unified phonetic science muab faib ua ob peb ntu. Lawv txhua tus kawm lawv tus kheej yam ntawm cov lus. Piv txwv li, cov xov tooj dav dav tshawb nrhiav cov qauv uas muaj nyob hauv cov lus ntawm txhua haiv neeg hauv ntiaj teb. Cov kev tshawb fawb no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau lawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv thiabkeeb kwm.
Kev piav qhia xov tooj cua ntes lub xeev tam sim no ntawm txhua hom lus. Lub hom phiaj ntawm nws txoj kev kawm yog lub suab kaw lus. Keeb kwm phonetics yog tsim nyog los taug qab txoj kev loj hlob thiab "loj hlob" ntawm ib hom lus.
Orthoepy
Kev tshawb fawb ntawm orthoepy tshwm sim los ntawm phonetics. Qhov no yog kev qhuab ntuas. phonetics thiab orthoepy kawm dab tsi? Cov kws tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb hauv kev tshawb fawb tshawb xyuas cov lus hais. Tab sis yog hais tias phonetics tau mob siab rau txhua yam ntawm lub suab zoo ntawm kev hais lus, ces orthoepy yog qhov tsim nyog los txiav txim siab txoj hauv kev los tsim cov lus, thiab lwm yam.
Cov kev tshawb fawb no tau pib ua keeb kwm. Lus yog ib hom kab mob muaj sia. Nws txhim kho nrog cov neeg. Nrog txhua tiam neeg tshiab, cov lus tau tshem tawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tsim nyog, suav nrog hauv kev hais lus. Yog li archaisms tsis nco qab thiab hloov los ntawm cov qauv tshiab. Qhov no yog raws nraim li cas phonetics, graphics, orthoepy studies.
Orthoepic norms
Cov qauv kev hais lus tau teeb tsa sib txawv hauv txhua hom lus. Piv txwv li, kev sib sau ua ke ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus tau tshwm sim tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig. Tsis tsuas yog cov qauv orthoepic tshiab tau tshwm sim, tab sis kuj muaj cov qauv sau ntawv. Thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, cov kws paub lus hauv tsev ua tib zoo kawm txog cov vestiges uas tseem nyob rau yav dhau los.
Cov lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws yog heterogeneous. Cov qauv orthoepic hauv txhua cheeb tsam txawv ntawm ib leeg. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau hom lus. Txawm nyob rau hauv Moscow muajtus kheej hais lus. Ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, nws tau suav hais tias yog cov qauv ntawm cov lus Lavxias, tab sis tom qab ob peb tiam nws tau hloov pauv tsis tau raws li lub sijhawm.
Orthoepy kawm xws li cov ntsiab lus xws li intonation thiab kev ntxhov siab. Qhov ntau haiv neeg hais lus muaj, qhov ntau dua nws yog tias ib pab pawg yuav muaj nws tus kheej lub suab lus. Lawv txawv ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv hauv lawv tus kheej variation nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm grammatical phonemes. Xws li cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb tau sau thiab ua haujlwm los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, tom qab ntawd lawv poob rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus tshwj xeeb orthoepic.
Graphics
Lwm qhov kev qhuab qhia tseem ceeb rau cov xov tooj yog cov duab kos duab. Nws tseem hu ua kev sau ntawv. Nrog kev pab los ntawm kev tsim cov kos npe, cov ntaub ntawv uas tus neeg xav qhia siv cov lus raug kaw. Thaum xub thawj, noob neej tsuas yog sib txuas lus los ntawm qhov ncauj, tab sis nws muaj ntau yam tsis txaus. Thawj ntawm lawv yog qhov tsis tuaj yeem kho ib tus kheej li kev xav kom lawv tuaj yeem khaws cia ntawm qee qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub cev (piv txwv li, ntawv). Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv hloov qhov xwm txheej no.
Graphics tshawb txog txhua yam ntawm qhov kev kos npe nyuaj no. Dab tsi yog science ntawm phonetics kawm nrog rau qhov kev qhuab qhia ze rau nws? Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab suab tso cai rau tib neeg los tsim ib qho kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov lus uas nws sib txuas lus. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm nws ob qhov tseem ceeb (orthoepy thiab graphics) txawv rau txhua lub teb chaws. Linguists kawm lawv. Txhawm rau kom nkag siab qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov lus, tsis muaj dab tsi tseem ceeb tshaj li xov tooj cua thiab cov duab. Dab tsi yog tus kws tshaj lij kawm txog obcov tshuab no? Lawv cov semantic units yog cov ntawv thiab suab. Lawv yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm txog kev paub lus Askiv.
