Ib depleted uranium projectile punches ib lub qhov nyob rau hauv nws lub hom phiaj ntawm kev cuam tshuam, hlawv thiab disintegrating mus rau hauv me me hais uas propagated los ntawm cov huab cua. Thaum nqus tau los yog nqus tau, lawv nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj vim muaj kev cuam tshuam sab hauv thiab hnyav hlau lom. Cov kab mob sib kis hauv xov tooj cua yuav kav ntev mus rau ntau pua xyoo, tig cov pej xeem hauv zos mus rau hibakusha - cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm kev foob pob hluav taws.
Depleted uranium plhaub: nws yog dab tsi?
Uranium, uas tseem tshuav tom qab rho tawm cov hluav taws xob isotopes los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj, hu ua depleted. Nws yog pov tseg los ntawm kev tsim cov roj hluav taws xob rau nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Nws cov xov tooj cua yog 60% ntawm thawj theem ntawm hluav taws xob. Lub npe ntawm cov khoom muab lub tswv yim tias nws tsis yog radioactive, tab sis nws tsis yog. Depleted uranium projectiles tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob loj.
riam phom no tau tsim los rauarmor penetration thiab tsim ntawm ntse fragments uas puas thiab hlawv lub hom phiaj ntawm sab hauv. Pa projectiles muaj detonating tebchaw uas tawg rau tej yam. Lawv tau tsim los rhuav tshem cov tsheb armored, tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ua kom puas tsuaj. Hlau cores tuaj yeem ntes tau, xuas nrig ntaus lub qhov, thiab nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv softer dua hlau. Lawv tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj txaus los nkag mus rau cov hlau armor ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam.
Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev siv hluav taws xob uranium tau tsim tawm uas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov cuab yeej, hlawv thiab rhuav tshem lub hom phiaj ntawm sab hauv. Qhov no yog ua tau los ntawm lub cev lub cev ntawm cov khoom no.
Depleted uranium plhaub: lawv ua haujlwm li cas?
Uranium hlau yog ib yam khoom tawv heev. Nws qhov ceev yog 19 g / cm33, 2.4 npaug ntau dua li cov hlau, uas muaj qhov ntom ntawm 7.9 g / cm 3. Txhawm rau kom muaj zog, kwv yees li 1% molybdenum thiab titanium ntxiv rau nws.
Depleted uranium projectile tseem hu ua armor-piercing incendiary projectile, vim tias nws nkag mus rau lub plhaub hlau ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam, nkag mus rau hauv thiab, thaws tawm cov teeb meem, rhuav tshem cov neeg coob, khoom siv thiab hlawv tsheb los ntawm sab hauv. Muab piv rau cov hlau zoo sib xws, uas tsawg dua li cov uranium cores, tom kawg tuaj yeem xuas lub qhov 2.4 npaug ntxaum rau hauv lub hom phiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, steel cores yuav tsum muaj qhov ntev ntawm 30 cm, thiab uranium - tsuas yog 12. Txawm hais tias txhua qhov projectiles raug rau tib lub cua tsis kam, thaum raug rho tawm haujlwm.qhov ceev ntawm qhov kawg txo qis, txij li 2.4 npaug ntau qhov hnyav muab ntau dua thiab ceev ntawm hluav taws. Yog li ntawd, cov mos txwv uranium tuaj yeem rhuav tshem lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov deb uas tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab.
Anti-bunker riam phom
Kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm kev siv tub rog ntawm depleted uranium - cov mos txwv loj, hu ua pob zeb tho lossis bunker-piercing, uas nkag mus rau pob zeb fortifications nyob ob peb meters hauv qab av thiab tawg lawv, lawv twb tau siv lawm. hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tiag tiag. Cov riam phom uas tau coj mus rau hauv daim ntawv foob pob thiab foob pob hluav taws yog tsim los txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog bunkers thiab lwm lub hom phiaj. Lawv raug them nrog cov ntsiab lus uranium, txhua qhov hnyav ntau tons. Nws tau hais tias cov foob pob no tau siv ntau hauv Afghanistan los rhuav tshem al-Qaeda nkaum hauv roob qhov tsua, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Iraq txhawm rau rhuav tshem Iraqi cov chaw ua haujlwm nyob hauv av tob. Cov riam phom loj uas muaj uranium depleted siv hauv Afghanistan thiab Iraq yog kwv yees li ntawm 500 tons.
cuam tshuam
Qhov kev phom sij tseem ceeb tshwm sim los ntawm depleted uranium plhaub yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv siv. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm hom mos txwv no yog lawv cov xov tooj cua. Uranium yog cov hlau hluav taws xob uas tso tawm alpha hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm helium nuclei thiab gamma rays. Lub zog ntawm α-particle tawm los ntawm nws yog 4.1 MeV. Qhov no tso cai rau koj khob tawm 100 txhiab.electrons uas khi molecules thiab ions. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho alpha particle tuaj yeem taug kev luv luv, ob peb centimeters hauv huab cua thiab tsis pub ntau tshaj 40 microns, uas yog sib npaug rau cov tuab ntawm ib daim ntawv, hauv tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg lossis dej. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev txaus ntshai ntawm α-particles nyob ntawm daim ntawv thiab qhov chaw raug hluav taws xob - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom los yog plua plav tawm sab nraud lossis sab hauv lub cev.
External exposure
Thaum depleted uranium nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm cov hlau, alpha hais tawm los ntawm nws cov atoms ntawm ib daim ntawv-thickness deb tsis tawm nws, tsuas yog rau cov emissions los ntawm atoms nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub alloy. Ib lub bar ob peb centimeters tuab emits tsuas yog ob peb kaum ntawm labths ntawm tag nrho cov α-particles.
Hlau kub hnyiab thaum cua sov hauv huab cua thiab ignites spontaneously thaum nyob rau hauv daim ntawv hmoov av. Qhov no yog vim li cas ib tug depleted uranium projectile tam sim ntawd ntes hluav taws thaum nws tsoo lub hom phiaj.
Tsuav cov tshuaj tseem nyob sab nraum lub cev txawm tias tom qab hloov mus ua cov khoom, nws tsis txaus ntshai heev. Txij li thaum alpha particles lwj tom qab taug kev deb, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob yuav tsawg dua li cov koob tshuaj tiag tiag. Thaum nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev, α-rays tsis tuaj yeem hla ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Lub radiative quab yuam nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov hnyav yuav tsawg. Qhov no yog vim li cas depleted uranium yog suav hais tias tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob thiab nws cov kev phom sij feem ntau underestimated. Qhov no tsuas yog muaj tseeb thaum cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob nyob sab nraum lub cev, qhov chaw muaj kev nyab xeeb. Tab sis hmoov av uranium tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, qhov twg nws dhau los ua kaum lab lab lub sijhawm ntau duatxaus ntshai. Cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm qhia tias cov hluav taws xob qis feem ntau yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj biochemical ntau dua li cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav yog qhov tsis ncaj ncees rau kev tsis saib xyuas qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev siv qis qis.
Internal exposure
Thaum uranium hlawv mus rau cov khoom, nws nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev nrog dej haus thiab zaub mov lossis nqus pa. Ua li no, tag nrho nws cov hluav taws xob thiab tshuaj lom neeg raug tso tawm. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam tshuaj lom sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov solubility ntawm uranium hauv dej, tab sis raug hluav taws xob ib txwm tshwm sim. Cov hmoov av hmoov nplej nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 10 microns yuav tawm ib qho α-particle txhua 2 teev, rau tag nrho ntau dua 4000 ib xyoos. Alpha hais txuas ntxiv ua rau tib neeg lub hlwb raug mob, tiv thaiv lawv kom rov zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, U-238 lwj mus rau hauv thorium-234, uas muaj ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 24.1 hnub, Th-234 lwj mus rau hauv protactinium-234, uas muaj ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 1.17 hnub. Pa-234 dhau los ua U-234 nrog 0.24 Ma ib nrab-lub neej. Thorium thiab protactinium emit beta decay electrons. Rau lub hlis tom qab, lawv yuav ncav cuag hluav taws xob sib npaug nrog U-238 nrog tib koob tshuaj hluav taws xob. Nyob rau theem no, depleted uranium particles emit alpha hais, ob zaug ntau beta particles, thiab gamma rays nrog rau cov txheej txheem lwj.
Vim tias α-particles tsis mus ntev dua 40 microns, txhua qhov kev puas tsuaj yuav ua rau cov ntaub so ntswg nyob deb ntawm qhov no. Cov koob tshuaj txhua xyoo tau txais los ntawm thaj chaw cuam tshuamtsuas yog los ntawm α-particles, yuav yog 10 sieverts, uas yog 10 txhiab lub sij hawm ntau tshaj qhov siab tshaj koob.
Ib qho teeb meem rau hnub nyoog
Ib qho α-particle hla ntau pua txhiab tus atoms ua ntej nres, khob tawm ntau pua txhiab tus electrons uas tsim cov molecules. Lawv qhov kev puas tsuaj (ionization) ua rau DNA puas lossis ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv cellular nws tus kheej. Muaj qhov ua tau zoo uas tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov uranium depleted yuav ua rau mob qog noj ntshav thiab puas rau cov kabmob sab hauv. Txij li thaum nws ib nrab lub neej yog 4.5 billion xyoo, alpha hluav taws xob yuav tsis muaj zog. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias ib tug neeg uas muaj uranium nyob rau hauv lub cev yuav raug hluav taws xob mus txog rau thaum tuag, thiab ib puag ncig yuav muaj kuab paug mus ib txhis.
Hmoov tsis zoo, cov kev tshawb fawb ua los ntawm World He alth Organization thiab lwm lub koom haum tsis tau cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam sab hauv. Piv txwv li, US Department of Defense thov tias nws tsis pom qhov sib txuas ntawm depleted uranium thiab mob qog noj ntshav hauv Iraq. Cov kev tshawb fawb ua los ntawm WHO thiab EU tuaj rau tib qhov kev txiav txim siab. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tau tsim tias cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv Balkans thiab Iraq tsis muaj teeb meem rau kev noj qab haus huv. Txawm li cas los xij, tau muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm kev yug me nyuam thiab muaj kev mob qog noj ntshav siab.
Kev thov thiab tsim khoom
Tom qab thawj Tsov Rog Gulf thiab Tsov Rog Balkan, qhov twg siv cov plhaub uranium depleted, nws tau paub los ntawmib pliag. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov mob qog noj ntshav thiab cov thyroid pathologies tau nce (txog 20 npaug), nrog rau kev yug me nyuam hauv cov menyuam yaus. Thiab tsis tsuas yog ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub teb chaws cuam tshuam. Cov tub rog ntawm lawv txoj kev tseem muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv, hu ua Persian Gulf Syndrome (los yog Balkan Syndrome).
Cov mos txwv Uranium tau siv ntau thaum ua tsov rog hauv Afghanistan, thiab muaj pov thawj ntawm cov hlau no hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov neeg hauv zos. Iraq, twb tau kis los ntawm kev ua tub rog tsis sib haum xeeb, tau rov tshwm sim dua rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab tshuaj lom. Kev tsim cov mos txwv "qhuav" tau tsim nyob rau hauv Fabkis, Tuam Tshoj, Pakistan, Russia, UK thiab Asmeskas. Piv txwv li, depleted uranium rounds nyob rau hauv Russia tau siv nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab tank mos txwv txij li thaum 1970s lig, feem ntau nyob rau hauv 115 mm phom ntawm lub tank T-62 thiab 125 mm phom T-64, T-72, T-80 thiab T- 90.
Irreversible Consequences
Nyob rau xyoo pua 20, tib neeg tau ntsib ob lub ntiaj teb kev tsov rog, nrog rau kev tua neeg thiab kev puas tsuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txhua tus nyob hauv qee qhov kev nkag siab thim rov qab. Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb, uas siv cov uranium depleted projectiles, ua rau cov xov tooj cua tsis tu ncua ntawm ib puag ncig hauv thaj chaw sib ntaus sib tua, nrog rau kev puas tsuaj tas mus li ntawm lub cev ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob hauv ntau tiam neeg.
Kev siv cov khoom no ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg, tsis tau ntsib dua. Uranium mos txwv, zoo liriam phom nuclear yuav tsum tsis txhob siv dua.
Tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj
Yog tib neeg xav khaws txoj kev vam meej uas nws tau tsim, nws yuav tsum txiav txim siab mus ib txhis kom tso tseg kev siv dag zog los daws qhov teeb meem. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhua tus pej xeem uas xav kom nyob kaj siab lug yuav tsum tsis txhob tso cai rau kev tshawb fawb los tsim kev puas tsuaj thiab tua neeg, ua piv txwv los ntawm depleted uranium plhaub.
Cov duab ntawm Iraqi cov menyuam yaus raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov thyroid kab mob thiab kev yug me nyuam yuav tsum txhawb txhua tus kom tsa lawv lub suab tawm tsam uranium riam phom thiab tawm tsam kev ua tsov ua rog.
