Cov nyhuv thermoelectric Seebeck: keeb kwm, nta thiab daim ntawv thov

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov nyhuv thermoelectric Seebeck: keeb kwm, nta thiab daim ntawv thov
Cov nyhuv thermoelectric Seebeck: keeb kwm, nta thiab daim ntawv thov
Anonim

Cov xwm txheej Thermoelectric yog ib lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb hauv physics, uas lawv xav txog qhov ntsuas kub npaum li cas tuaj yeem tsim hluav taws xob, thiab qhov kawg ua rau muaj qhov kub thiab txias. Ib qho ntawm thawj zaug pom qhov tshwm sim thermoelectric yog Seebeck nyhuv.

Yam yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau qhib qhov teebmeem

Hauv xyoo 1797, tus kws kho mob Italian Alessandro Volta, ua kev tshawb fawb hauv hluav taws xob, tshawb pom ib qho xwm txheej zoo kawg nkaus: nws pom tias thaum ob cov khoom siv sib cuag, qhov sib txawv muaj peev xwm tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw sib cuag. Nws yog hu ua qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib cuag. Lub cev, qhov tseeb no txhais tau hais tias thaj chaw sib cuag ntawm cov khoom sib txawv muaj lub zog hluav taws xob (EMF) uas tuaj yeem ua rau pom qhov tam sim no hauv lub kaw lus kaw. Yog tias tam sim no ob cov ntaub ntawv txuas nrog hauv ib lub voj voog (los tsim ob qho kev sib cuag ntawm lawv), ces cov EMF tau teev tseg yuav tshwm sim ntawm lawv txhua tus, uas yuav zoo ib yam hauv qhov loj, tab sis qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kos npe. Qhov kawg piav qhia vim li cas tsis muaj tam sim no raug tsim tawm.

Qhov laj thawj rau qhov pom ntawm EMF yog qib sib txawv ntawm Fermi (zogvalence xeev ntawm electrons) nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Thaum tom kawg tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag, Fermi theem tawm (hauv ib qho khoom nws txo qis, hauv lwm qhov nws nce). Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim vim qhov kev hla ntawm electrons los ntawm kev sib cuag, uas ua rau pom ntawm EMF.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tam sim ntawd tias tus nqi EMF yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg (ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ob peb feem kaum ntawm volt).

Discovery of Thomas Seebeck

Thomas Seebeck (German physicist) hauv 1821, uas yog, 24 xyoo tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib cuag los ntawm Volt, ua qhov kev sim hauv qab no. Nws txuas lub phaj ntawm bismuth thiab tooj liab, thiab muab ib rab koob sib nqus rau ntawm lawv. Hauv qhov no, raws li tau hais los saum toj no, tsis muaj tam sim no tshwm sim. Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum tus kws tshawb fawb coj cov nplaim hluav taws kub mus rau ib qho kev sib cuag ntawm ob lub hlau, rab koob sib nqus pib tig.

Lub essence ntawm Seebeck nyhuv
Lub essence ntawm Seebeck nyhuv

Tam sim no peb paub tias lub zog Ampère tsim los ntawm tus neeg nqa khoom nqa tam sim no ua rau nws tig, tab sis lub sijhawm ntawd Seebeck tsis paub qhov no, yog li nws tau ua yuam kev tias qhov induced magnetization ntawm hlau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. txawv.

Qhov lus piav qhia raug rau qhov tshwm sim no tau muab ob peb xyoos tom qab los ntawm Danish kws kho mob Hans Oersted, uas tau taw qhia tias peb tab tom tham txog cov txheej txheem thermoelectric, thiab tam sim no ntws los ntawm lub kaw lus kaw. Txawm li cas los xij, cov nyhuv thermoelectric pom los ntawm Thomas Seebeck tam sim no dais nws lub xeem.

Physics ntawm cov txheej txheem tsis tu ncua

Ib zaug ntxiv rau kev sib sau cov khoom siv: lub ntsiab lus ntawm Seebeck nyhuv yog ua kom ntxiashluav taws xob tam sim no los ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm ob qhov sib txuas ntawm cov khoom sib txawv, uas tsim ib lub voj voog kaw.

Seebeck effect demonstration
Seebeck effect demonstration

Kom nkag siab tias muaj dab tsi tshwm sim hauv qhov system no, thiab vim li cas tam sim no pib khiav hauv nws, koj yuav tsum paub txog peb qhov xwm txheej:

  1. Thawj tus twb tau hais lawm - qhov no yog qhov excitation ntawm EMF nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam kev sib cuag vim yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm Fermi theem. Lub zog ntawm qib no hauv cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv thaum kub nce lossis ntog. Qhov tseeb tom kawg yuav ua rau pom qhov tshwm sim tam sim no yog tias ob qhov kev sib cuag raug kaw hauv ib lub voj voog (qhov sib npaug ntawm thaj tsam ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm cov hlau ntawm qhov kub sib txawv yuav txawv).
  2. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txav cov neeg nqa khoom los ntawm qhov kub mus rau qhov txias. Cov nyhuv no tuaj yeem nkag siab yog tias peb nco ntsoov tias cov hluav taws xob hauv cov hlau thiab cov hluav taws xob thiab qhov hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem, hauv thawj qhov kwv yees, suav tias yog cov roj zoo tagnrho. Raws li paub, lub tom kawg, thaum rhuab nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw ntim, tsub kom lub siab. Hauv lwm lo lus, hauv thaj chaw tiv tauj, qhov kub siab dua, "siab" ntawm cov roj hluav taws xob (qhov) roj kuj tseem siab dua, yog li cov neeg nqa khoom them nqi mus rau qhov chaw txias dua ntawm cov khoom, uas yog, mus rau lwm qhov kev sib cuag.
  3. Thaum kawg, lwm qhov tshwm sim uas ua rau pom qhov tshwm sim tam sim no hauv Seebeck nyhuv yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm phonons (lattice vibrations) nrog tus nqi nqa khoom. Qhov xwm txheej zoo li lub phonon, txav los ntawm qhov chaw kub kub mus rau qhov chaw txias txias, "ntaus" ib qho hluav taws xob (qhov) thiab muab lub zog ntxiv rau nws.

Cim peb txheej txheemRaws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov tshwm sim ntawm tam sim no hauv cov txheej txheem piav qhia tau txiav txim siab.

qhov xwm txheej no tau piav qhia li cas?

Yooj yim heev, rau qhov no lawv qhia txog qee qhov ntsuas S, uas yog hu ua Seebeck coefficient. Qhov ntsuas qhia tau hais tias tus nqi EMF raug cuam tshuam yog tias qhov sib cuag kub sib txawv yog khaws cia sib npaug li 1 Kelvin (degree Celsius). Ntawd yog, koj tuaj yeem sau:

S=ΔV/ΔT.

Ntawm no ΔV yog EMF ntawm Circuit Court (voltage), ΔT yog qhov kub sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias junctions (sib cuag cheeb tsam). Cov mis no tsuas yog kwv yees qhov tseeb xwb, vim S feem ntau nyob ntawm qhov kub.

Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm Seebeck coefficient nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv kev sib cuag. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tuaj yeem hais meej tias rau cov khoom siv hlau no cov nqi sib npaug thiab kaum ntawm μV / K, thaum rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lawv muaj ntau pua μV / K, uas yog, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntau dua li cov hlau.. Yog vim li cas rau qhov tseeb no yog ib tug muaj zog dependence ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm semiconductors ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (conductivity, concentration ntawm tus nqi nqa khoom).

txheej txheem efficiency

Qhov tseeb tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob mus rau hauv hluav taws xob qhib lub sijhawm zoo rau kev siv qhov tshwm sim no. Txawm li cas los xij, rau nws txoj kev siv thev naus laus zis, tsis tsuas yog lub tswv yim nws tus kheej tseem ceeb, tab sis kuj muaj cov yam ntxwv ntau. Ua ntej, raws li tau pom, qhov tshwm sim emf yog me me heev. Qhov teeb meem no tuaj yeem hla dhau los ntawm kev siv cov kev sib txuas ntawm ntau tus neeg xyuas pib (uasua tiav hauv Peltier cell, uas yuav tau tham hauv qab no).

Seebeck (sab laug) thiab Peltier
Seebeck (sab laug) thiab Peltier

Thib ob, nws yog qhov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob. Thiab lo lus nug no tseem qhib rau hnub no. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm Seebeck nyhuv yog tsawg heev (kwv yees li 10%). Ntawd yog, ntawm tag nrho cov cua sov siv, tsuas yog ib feem kaum ntawm nws tuaj yeem siv los ua haujlwm tseem ceeb. Ntau lub chaw soj nstuam thoob ntiaj teb tab tom sim ua kom qhov ua tau zoo no, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv tshiab, piv txwv li, siv nanotechnology.

Siv cov nyhuv pom los ntawm Seebeck

Thermocouple rau kev ntsuas kub
Thermocouple rau kev ntsuas kub

Txawm tias qhov ua haujlwm qis, nws tseem pom nws siv. Hauv qab no yog cov chaw tseem ceeb:

  • Thermocouple. Cov nyhuv Seebeck tau zoo siv los ntsuas qhov kub thiab txias ntawm ntau yam khoom. Qhov tseeb, lub kaw lus ntawm ob qhov kev sib cuag yog lub thermocouple. Yog tias nws cov coefficient S thiab qhov kub ntawm ib qho kawg tau paub, tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov hluav taws xob uas tshwm sim hauv Circuit Court, nws muaj peev xwm xam qhov kub ntawm lwm qhov kawg. Thermocouples kuj tseem siv los ntsuas qhov ntom ntom ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob (electromagnetic).
  • Kev tsim hluav taws xob ntawm qhov chaw sojntsuam. Tib neeg-launched probes los tshawb txog peb lub hnub ci lossis dhau los siv Seebeck effect los siv hluav taws xob hauv lub nkoj. Qhov no ua tiav ua tsaug rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob.
  • Daim ntawv thov ntawm Seebeck nyhuv hauv cov tsheb niaj hnub. BMW thiab Volkswagen tshaj tawmcov tsos hauv lawv lub tsheb ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob thermoelectric uas yuav siv cov cua sov ntawm cov pa tawm los ntawm cov yeeb nkab tso pa.
qhov chaw sojntsuam
qhov chaw sojntsuam

Lwm yam cuam tshuam rau qhov ntsuas kub

Muaj peb qhov ntsuas kub: Seebeck, Peltier, Thomson. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm thawj zaug twb tau txiav txim siab. Raws li rau cov nyhuv Peltier, nws muaj nyob rau hauv cua sov ib qho kev sib cuag thiab txias rau lwm yam, yog hais tias lub Circuit Court tau tham saum toj no yog txuas nrog ib qho chaw sab nraud tam sim no. Ntawd yog, Seebeck thiab Peltier teebmeem yog qhov sib txawv.

Thomson effect
Thomson effect

Cov nyhuv Thomson muaj qhov xwm txheej zoo ib yam, tab sis nws raug suav hais tias yog cov khoom siv tib yam. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog qhov tso tawm los yog nqus cua sov los ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib los ntawm qhov uas tam sim no ntws thiab qhov kawg ntawm qhov ntsuas kub sib txawv.

Peltier cell

Peltier cell
Peltier cell

Thaum tham txog patents rau thermo-generator modules nrog Seebeck effect, ces, ntawm chav kawm, thawj yam uas lawv nco ntsoov yog Peltier cell. Nws yog ib tug compact ntaus ntawv (4x4x0.4 cm) ua los ntawm ib tug series ntawm n- thiab p-hom conductors txuas nyob rau hauv series. Koj tuaj yeem ua rau koj tus kheej. Cov teebmeem Seebeck thiab Peltier yog lub hauv paus ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Qhov voltages thiab tam sim no uas nws ua haujlwm yog me me (3-5 V thiab 0.5 A). Raws li tau hais los saum no, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tsawg heev (≈10%).

Nws yog siv los daws cov haujlwm niaj hnub no xws li cua sov lossis dej txias hauv lub khob lossis rov them lub xov tooj ntawm tes.

Pom zoo: