Linguistics yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus, kawm nws tag nrho (raws li qhov system), thiab nws cov khoom ntiag tug thiab cov yam ntxwv: keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm yav dhau los, cov yam ntxwv thiab kev ua haujlwm, nrog rau cov kev cai dav dav ntawm kev tsim kho thiab dynamic kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.
Linguistics as a science of language
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm txog kev tshawb fawb no yog hom lus ntawm tib neeg, nws qhov xwm txheej thiab qhov tseem ceeb, thiab cov ntsiab lus yog cov qauv ntawm cov qauv, kev ua haujlwm, kev hloov ntawm cov lus thiab cov qauv ntawm lawv txoj kev kawm.
Txawm hais tias tam sim no linguistics cia siab rau qhov tseem ceeb theoretical thiab empirical puag, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev hais lus yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb me me (hauv Russia - txij li 18th - 19th centuries). Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj cov neeg ua ntej nrog kev xav zoo - ntau tus kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws sau ntawv sau ntawv tau nyiam kawm cov lus, yog li muaj kev pom zoo thiab kev xav hauv lawv cov haujlwm (piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Ancient Greece, Voltaire thiab Diderot).
Terminological digression
Lo lus "kev paub lus" tsis yog ib txwmindisputable lub npe rau lub domestic linguistic science. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus "Linguistics - linguistics - linguistics" muaj nws tus kheej semantic thiab keeb kwm nta.
Thaum pib, ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig xyoo 1917, lo lus hais lus tau siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, linguistics pib dominate (piv txwv li, lub tsev kawm ntawv cov chav kawm thiab cov phau ntawv rau nws pib hu ua "Introduction to Linguistics"), thiab nws cov "tsis-canonical" variants tau txais ib tug tshiab semantics. Yog li, linguistics xa mus rau lub pre-revolutionary scientific kab lig kev cai, thiab linguistics taw tes rau Western lub tswv yim thiab txoj kev, xws li structuralism. As T. V. Shmelev nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm "Nco txog ib lub sij hawm: linguistics, linguistics, linguistics", Lavxias teb sab linguistics tseem tsis tau daws no semantic contradiction, txij li thaum muaj ib tug nruj gradation, txoj cai ntawm compatibility thiab lo lus tsim (Linguistics → linguistics → linguistics) thiab ib tug tendencies. los nthuav lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus linguistics (kev kawm lus txawv teb chaws). Yog li, tus kws tshawb fawb sib piv cov npe ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia hauv cov qauv hauv tsev kawm ntawv tam sim no, cov npe ntawm cov qauv kev faib tawm, cov ntawv luam tawm: cov "qhov txawv" ntawm cov lus hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm "Introduction to Linguistics" thiab "General Linguistics"; subdivision ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences "Institute of Linguistics", phau ntawv journal "Cov teeb meem ntawm Linguistics", phau ntawv "Essays ntawm Linguistics"; Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Linguistics thiab Intercultural Communication, Computational Linguistics, New in Linguistics journal…
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus: cov yam ntxwv dav dav
Txoj kev kawm lus "tawg" rau ntau yam kev qhuab qhia, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plawsntawm cov uas yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus raws li dav dav thiab tshwj xeeb, theoretical thiab siv, piav qhia thiab keeb kwm.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev qhuab qhia lus tau muab ua pawg raws li cov haujlwm uas tau muab rau lawv thiab raws li qhov khoom ntawm kev kawm. Yog li, cov lus tseem ceeb hauv qab no yog ib txwm muaj qhov txawv txav:
- ntu mob siab rau kev kawm ntawm cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov lus system, lub koom haum ntawm nws qib (piv txwv li, morphology thiab syntax);
- ntu piav qhia txog qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus tag nrho thiab tsim ntawm nws tus kheej qib (keeb kwm phonetics, keeb kwm qauv sau ntawv);
- ntu txiav txim siab qhov ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov lus thiab nws lub luag haujlwm hauv zej zog (sociolinguistics, dialectology);
- ntu uas kawm txog cov teeb meem nyuaj uas tshwm sim ntawm ciam teb ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb sib txawv thiab kev qhuab qhia (psycholinguistics, lej lej);
- siv kev qhuab qhia daws cov teeb meem uas lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb tau teeb tsa ua ntej kev hais lus (lexicography, paleography).
General thiab private linguistics
Kev faib cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus rau hauv cov cheeb tsam dav dav thiab cov chaw ntiag tug qhia tias lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb yog li cas.
Cov lus nug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas cov lus qhia dav dav xav txog yog:
- lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus, qhov paub tsis meej ntawm nws cov keeb kwm thiab cov qauv ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm;
- cov kev cai lij choj ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov lus hauv ntiaj teb ua ib lub zej zog ntawm tib neeg;
- sib txheeb ntawm pawg "lus" thiab "xav", "lus", "objective reality";
- keeb kwm thiab txhim kho kev sau ntawv;
- typology ntawm cov lus, tus qauv ntawm lawv cov lus qib, kev ua haujlwm thiab keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov chav kawm grammatical thiab pawg;
- kev faib tawm ntawm txhua yam lus uas muaj nyob hauv ntiaj teb, thiab ntau ntxiv.
Ib qho teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb tseem ceeb uas kev hais lus dav dav sim daws yog kev tsim thiab siv cov kev sib txuas lus tshiab ntawm tib neeg (cov lus cuav thoob ntiaj teb). Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib txuas lus.
Private linguistics yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev kawm txog cov qauv, kev ua haujlwm thiab keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm ib hom lus (Lavxias teb sab, Czech, Suav), ob peb hom lus lossis tag nrho tsev neeg ntawm cov lus muaj feem xyuam tib lub sijhawm (Piv txwv li, tsuas yog lus Romance - Fabkis, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese thiab ntau lwm tus). Private linguistics siv cov txheej txheem ntawm synchronous (lwm yam - piav qhia) los yog diachronic (keeb kwm) tshawb fawb.
Kev hais lus dav dav txog qhov tshwj xeeb yog theoretical thiab methodological hauv paus rau kev kawm txog cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb ntsig txog kev kawm txog lub xeev, qhov tseeb thiab cov txheej txheem hauv ib hom lus. Nyob rau hauv lem, private linguistics yog ib tug kev qhuab qhia uas muab kev hais lus dav dav nrog cov ntaub ntawv empirical, raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus theoretical tuaj yeem kos tau.
Sab nrauv thiab sab hauv kev hais lus
Tus qauv ntawm kev kawm lus niaj hnub no yog sawv cev los ntawm ob feem qauv - cov no yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub lus, microlinguistics (lossis sab hauv linguistics) thiab extralinguistics (sab nrauv linguistics).
Microlinguistics tsom rau sab hauv ntawm cov lus system - suab, morphological, lus thiab syntactic tiers.
Extralinguistics kos xim rau ntau hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov lus: nrog tib neeg, tib neeg kev xav, kev sib txuas lus, kev xav, kev zoo nkauj thiab lwm yam ntawm lub neej. Raws li nws lub hauv paus, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsom xam tsis sib xws thiab kev tshawb fawb sib koom ua ke tau yug los (psycho-, ethnolinguistics, paralinguistics, linguoculturology, thiab lwm yam).
Synchronic (pib piav) thiab diachronic (keeb kwm) linguistics
Kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev piav qhia yam lus suav nrog lub xeev ntawm cov lus lossis nws tus kheej theem, qhov tseeb, tshwm sim raws li lawv lub xeev ntawm lub sijhawm, ib theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Feem ntau, kev saib xyuas yog them rau lub xeev tam sim no, me ntsis tsawg - rau lub xeev ntawm kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub dhau los (piv txwv li, cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab chronicles ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th).
Keeb Kwm linguistics kawm ntau yam lus tseeb thiab tshwm sim los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lawv qhov kev hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb tsom mus sau cov kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim hauv cov lus kawm (piv txwv li, piv cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab 17th, 19th thiab 20th centuries).
Kev piav qhia ntawm hom lus
Linguistics kev tshawb fawb tshwm sim muaj feem xyuam rau ntau qib ntawm cov lus dav dav. Nws yog ib txwm ua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus hauv qab no: phonemic, lexico-semantic, morphological, syntactic. Raws li cov theem no, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv qab no yog qhov txawv.
Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv qab no cuam tshuam nrog qib xov tooj ntawm cov lus:
- phonetics (pib txog ntau yam ntawm cov suab hais lus hauv cov lus, lawv cov lus qhia thiab cov suab paj nruag);
- phonology (kawm lub xov tooj yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm kev hais lus, nws cov yam ntxwv phonological thiab ua haujlwm);
- morphonology (xav txog cov qauv hauv xov tooj ntawm morphemes, kev hloov pauv zoo thiab ntau npaum li cas hauv phonemes hauv tib lub morphemes, lawv qhov sib txawv, tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ciam teb ntawm morphemes).
Cov ntu hauv qab no tshawb txog qib lexical ntawm cov lus:
- lexicology (kawm lo lus raws li lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus thiab lo lus tag nrho raws li kev paub lus muaj txiaj ntsig, tshawb txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus, nws qhov nthuav dav thiab kev loj hlob, qhov chaw ntawm kev ntxiv ntawm cov lus ntawm cov lus);
- semasiology (xav lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus, kev sau semantic ntawm lo lus thiab lub tswv yim nws qhia lossis cov khoom muaj npe los ntawm nws, qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub hom phiaj kev muaj tiag);
- onomasiology (xav txog cov teeb meem ntsig txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev xaiv tsa hauv hom lus, nrog rau kev teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom hauv ntiaj teb thaum tus txheej txheem kev paub).
Qib morphological ntawm cov lus yog kawm los ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia hauv qab no:
- morphology (pib qhia txog cov qauv ntawm cov lus, dav davmorphemic muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm inflection, qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus, lawv cov yam ntxwv, essence thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev xaiv);
- kev tsim cov lus (kawm txog kev tsim cov lus, txoj hauv kev ntawm nws cov kev tsim tawm, cov qauv ntawm cov qauv thiab tsim cov lus thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ntawm cov lus thiab hais lus).
Qib syntactic piav qhia cov syntax (kawm cov qauv kev paub thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hais lus: cov txheej txheem rau kev sib txuas lus rau hauv cov qauv nyuaj ntawm cov kab lus thiab kab lus, hom kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus thiab kab lus, cov txheej txheem lus vim uas hais lus yog tsim).
Sib piv thiab typological linguistics
Kev sib piv cov lus hais txog kev sib txuas lus hauv kev sib piv cov qauv ntawm yam tsawg kawg yog ob lossis ntau hom lus, tsis hais txog lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm caj ces. Ntawm no, qee qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho ntawm tib hom lus kuj tuaj yeem sib piv - piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov lus xaus ntawm cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub thiab cov lus ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Ancient Russia.
Typological linguistics txiav txim siab cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov lus nrog cov qauv sib txawv hauv qhov "timeless" dimension (panchronic nam). Qhov no tso cai rau koj txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv sib xws (universal) uas muaj nyob hauv tib neeg hom lus.
Language universals
Kev paub lus dav dav hauv nws qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ntes cov lus universals - cov qauv lus uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua hom lus hauv ntiaj teb (tsis meej universals) lossis ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus (statistical universals).
Asuniversals kiag li, cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no yog qhov tseem ceeb:
- Txhua yam lus hauv ntiaj teb no yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub xub ntiag thiab tso tseg cov lus.
- Cov lus hais tau muab faib ua cov lus, uas yuav tsum tau muab faib ua cov suab "vowel + consonant".
- Ntau lub npe thiab cov lus muaj nyob rau hauv ib hom lus.
- Cov kab lus ntawm txhua hom lus yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov npe thiab cov lus qhia.
- Txhua yam lus muaj cov lus uas qhia tib neeg txoj kev xav, kev xav lossis lus txib.
- Yog ib hom lus muaj qeb ntawm rooj plaub lossis poj niam txiv neej, ces nws kuj muaj qeb ntawm tus lej.
- Yog hais tias lub npe hauv ib hom lus yog tawm tsam los ntawm poj niam txiv neej, tib yam tuaj yeem pom hauv qeb ntawm cov lus.
- Txhua tus neeg hauv ntiaj teb no hloov lawv txoj kev xav rau hauv kab lus rau kev sib txuas lus.
- Kev sib sau thiab kev sib txuas muaj nyob hauv txhua hom lus hauv ntiaj teb.
- Txhua yam lus hauv ntiaj teb no muaj kev sib piv, cov lus qhia, cov lus piv txwv.
- Taboo thiab cov cim ntawm lub hnub thiab lub hli yog universal.
Kev Txheeb Xyuas universals suav nrog cov kev soj ntsuam hauv qab no:
- Nyob rau hauv cov lus feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb no muaj tsawg kawg yog ob lub vowels (qhov kev zam yog lus Australian Arantha).
- Hauv ntau hom lus hauv ntiaj teb, cov lus hloov pauv los ntawm cov lej, ntawm qhov tsawg kawg yog ob (qhov tshwj xeeb yog cov lus ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv cov kob ntawm Java).
- Yuav luag txhua hom lus muaj qhov ntswg consonants (tshwj tsis yog qee hom lus West African).
Siv Lus Askiv
Seem no ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus hais txog kev txhim kho ncaj qha rau cov kev daws teeb meem ntsig txog kev xyaum lus:
- txhim kho cov txheej txheem txheej txheem hauv kev qhia ib hom lus raws li hom lus thiab txawv teb chaws;
- tsim cov kev qhia, cov phau ntawv siv, kev kawm thiab thematic dictionaries siv nyob rau ntau theem thiab theem ntawm kev qhia;
- kawm hais lus thiab sau tau zoo, meej, meej, ntseeg tau (rhetoric);
- muaj peev xwm taug qab cov qauv lus, kev txawj sau ntawv (kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev hais lus, orthoepy, spelling thiab punctuation);
- txhim kho kev sau ntawv, cov tsiaj ntawv, kev txhim kho kev sau ntawv rau cov lus tsis sau (piv txwv li, rau cov lus ntawm qee cov neeg ntawm USSR xyoo 1930-1940), tsim kev sau ntawv thiab phau ntawv rau cov dig muag;
- kev qhia luv luv thiab txhais lus;
- tsim cov qauv siv cov qauv (GOSTs);
- txhim kho kev txawj txhais lus, tsim ob hom lus thiab ntau hom lus ntawm ntau hom;
- txhim kho lub tshuab txhais lus ua haujlwm tsis siv neeg;
- tsim cov tshuab computerized lub suab lees paub, hloov cov lus hais rau hauv cov ntawv luam tawm (kev tsim kho lossis kev suav lus suav);
- tsim cov ntawv corpora, hypertexts, hluav taws xob databases thiab phau ntawv txhais lus thiab kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem rau lawv kev tshuaj xyuas thiab ua tiav (British National Corpus, BNC, Lavxias National Corpus);
- txhim kho cov txheej txheem, luam ntawv, tshaj tawm thiab PR, thiab lwm yam.
