Secondary metabolites yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub cev muaj zog hauv lub ntiaj teb cov nroj tsuag. Lawv tus lej, kawm los ntawm kev tshawb fawb, yog nce txhua xyoo. Tam sim no, kwv yees li 15% ntawm tag nrho cov nroj tsuag tau kawm txog qhov muaj cov tshuaj no. Lawv kuj muaj cov kev ua lom lom neeg muaj feem xyuam rau lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg, uas txiav txim siab lawv lub peev xwm ua tshuaj.
Dab tsi yog cov metabolites thib ob?
Ib yam tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua yam kabmob muaj sia yog tias lawv muaj cov metabolism - metabolism. Nws yog ib txheej ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tsim thawj thiab theem nrab metabolites.
Qhov txawv ntawm lawv yog qhov qub yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua yam tsiaj (kev sib txuas ntawm cov proteins, aminocarboxylic thiab nucleic acids, carbohydrates, purines, vitamins), thaum lub sijhawm kawg yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm qee yam kab mob thiab tsis koom nrog. nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj ua tau qee yam haujlwm.
Nyob hauv ntiaj teb tsiaj, cov khoom sib txuas tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, ntau zaus lawv nkag muslub cev nrog rau cov zaub mov cog. Cov tshuaj no yog synthesized nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, fungi, sponges thiab unicellular kab mob.
Ntse thiab nta
Hauv biochemistry, cov cim tseem ceeb hauv qab no ntawm cov nroj tsuag theem nrab metabolites yog qhov txawv:
- siab lom lom zem;
- qhov hnyav molecular (2-3 kDa);
- ntau lawm los ntawm me me ntawm cov tshuaj pib (5-6 amino acids rau 7 alkaloids);
- synthesis yog muaj nyob rau hauv ib hom nroj tsuag;
- tsim tom qab theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob nyob.
Ib yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv no yog xaiv tau. Yog li, theem nrab phenolic metabolites yog tsim nyob rau hauv txhua hom nroj tsuag, thiab cov roj hmab ntuj muaj qhov hnyav molecular. Kev tsim cov metabolites theem nrab hauv cov nroj tsuag tsuas yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov protein, lipids thiab carbohydrates nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam enzymes. Xws li cov tebchaw tsis muaj lawv tus kheej txoj kev rau synthesis.
Lawv kuj muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- muaj nyob rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag;
- tsis sib npaug hauv cov ntaub so ntswg;
- localization nyob rau hauv qee qhov chaw ntawm lub cell kom tsis txhob muaj kev lom zem ntawm cov metabolites theem nrab;
- lub xub ntiag ntawm cov qauv yooj yim (feem ntau hydroxyl, methyl, methoxyl pawg ua haujlwm hauv nws lub luag haujlwm), raws li lwm yam kev sib txawv ntawm cov tebchaw tsim;
- ntau hom kev hloov pauv;
- lub peev xwm hloov mus rau qhov tsis ua haujlwm, "tso tseg" daim ntawv;
- tsis muaj kev koom tes ncaj qha hauv cov metabolism.
Cov metabolism hauv theem nrab feem ntau pom tias yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia los cuam tshuam nrog nws tus kheej enzymes thiab cov khoom siv caj ces. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntsiab lus thib ob yog tsim, yog dissimilation (decomposition ntawm cov khoom ntawm thawj synthesis). Qhov no tso tawm ib tug npaum li cas ntawm lub zog, uas yog koom nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov lwm yam compounds.
Functions
Thaum pib, cov tshuaj no tau suav tias yog cov khoom pov tseg uas tsis tsim nyog ntawm cov khoom muaj sia. Tam sim no nws tau tsim tias lawv ua lub luag haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic:
- phenols - kev koom tes hauv photosynthesis, ua pa, hloov hluav taws xob, tsim cov phytohormones, kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav; attraction ntawm pollinating kab, tshuaj tua kab mob; coloring ntawm tus kheej qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag;
- tannins - kev txhim kho ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob fungal;
- carotenoids - kev koom tes hauv photosynthesis, tiv thaiv los ntawm photooxidation;
- alkaloids - txoj cai loj hlob;
- isoprenoids - tiv thaiv kab, kab mob, tsiaj;
- sterols - kev tswj ntawm cell membrane permeability.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tebchaw thib ob hauv cov nroj tsuag yog ecological: tiv thaiv kab tsuag, kab mob kab mob,adaptation rau sab nraud tej yam kev mob. Txij li cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig txawv qhov sib txawv rau ntau hom nroj tsuag, cov spectrum ntawm cov tebchaw no yuav luag tsis muaj kev txwv.
Kev faib tawm
Muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov metabolites theem nrab:
- Tshuaj. Cov tshuaj tau muab faib ua pawg raws li lawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb (saponins ua npuas ncauj, iab muaj qhov tsim nyog saj, thiab lwm yam).
- tshuaj. Raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov tebchaw. Nws yog tam sim no feem ntau. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov kev faib tawm no yog cov khoom ntawm tib pab pawg yuav txawv ntawm txoj kev tsim khoom thiab cov khoom.
- YBiochemical. Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm hom systematization yog txoj kev biosynthesis. Nws yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tshaj plaws, tab sis vim tsis muaj kev paub txog cov nroj tsuag biochemistry, kev siv cov kev faib tawm no txwv.
- Functional. Nws yog nyob ntawm qee yam haujlwm ntawm cov khoom hauv lub cev muaj sia. Tib pawg yuav muaj cov metabolites theem nrab nrog cov qauv tshuaj sib txawv.
Qhov nyuaj ntawm kev faib tawm yog qhov tseeb tias txhua pawg ntawm cov metabolites theem nrab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lwm tus. Yog li, iab (ib chav kawm ntawm terpenes) yog glycosides, thiab carotenoids (derivatives ntawm tetraterpenes) yog cov vitamins.
Pab pawg tseem ceeb
Cov tshuaj hauv qab no tau muab cais ua cov metabolites theem nrab ntawm cov nroj tsuag:
- alkaloids (pyridine,imidazole, purine, betalaines, glycoalkaloids, protoalkaloids thiab lwm yam);
- anthracene derivatives (derivatives ntawm chryzacin, anthrone, alizarin thiab lwm yam sib xyaw);
- Yphytosteriods (withanolides);
- glycosides (monosides, biosides thiab oligosides, cyanogenic glycosides thiab thioglycosides);
- isoprenoids (terpenes thiab lawv cov derivatives - terpenoids thiab steroids);
- phenolic compounds thiab lwm yam.
Ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj no muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Yog li, curare alkaloids yog cov tshuaj lom uas muaj zog tshaj plaws, thiab qee pawg ntawm glycosides muaj cov txiaj ntsig kho tau zoo thiab tau siv los ua cov tshuaj siv hauv kev kho mob plawv.
Daim ntawv thov
Cov metabolites thib ob muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kabmob thiab cov kab ke ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu, yog li lawv tau siv dav hauv cov tshuaj thiab kws kho tsiaj, yog siv los ua tsw thiab aroma enhancers hauv cov khoom noj. Qee cov nroj tsuag uas sau cov tshuaj no hauv qhov ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv raw hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv.
Tab Nthuav, hauv cov tebchaws uas muaj kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg tsim, kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv hauv tsev muag tshuaj yog cov hauv paus chiv keeb. Cov txiaj ntsig kho mob tseem ceeb ntawm cov metabolites theem nrab yog txuam nrog lawv cov khoom xws li:
- ntau yam kev ua;
- qhov kev mob tshwm sim tsawg kawg txawm tias ntevtxais tos;
- ua haujlwm nyuaj rau lub cev;
- kev ua haujlwm siab.
Vim cov ntsiab lus no tseem to taub tsis zoo, lawv cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv tuaj yeem ua rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tshiab.
