Evaporation yog Cov txheej txheem ntawm theem hloov ntawm cov khoom los ntawm cov kua mus rau vapor

Cov txheej txheem:

Evaporation yog Cov txheej txheem ntawm theem hloov ntawm cov khoom los ntawm cov kua mus rau vapor
Evaporation yog Cov txheej txheem ntawm theem hloov ntawm cov khoom los ntawm cov kua mus rau vapor
Anonim

Nyob hauv ntiaj teb ib ncig ntawm peb, ntau yam sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiab cov txheej txheem tau tshwm sim tas li thiab tsis tu ncua. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov txheej txheem ntawm evaporation. Muaj ntau qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau qhov tshwm sim no. Hauv kab lus no, peb yuav txheeb xyuas txhua tus ntawm lawv kom ntxaws ntxiv.

evaporation yog dab tsi?

Qhov no yog cov txheej txheem hloov cov tshuaj mus rau hauv lub xeev gaseous lossis vaporous. Nws yog ib txwm tsuas yog rau cov khoom ntawm cov kua sib xws. Txawm li cas los xij, ib yam dab tsi zoo sib xws tau pom hauv cov khib nyiab, tsuas yog qhov tshwm sim no hu ua sublimation. Qhov no tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kev ua tib zoo saib ntawm lub cev. Piv txwv li, ib lub xab npum dries dhau sij hawm thiab pib tawg, qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov tee dej nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg evaporate thiab mus rau hauv lub gaseous xeev H 2 O.

evaporation yog
evaporation yog

Definition in physics

Evaporation yog txheej txheem endothermic uas lub hauv paus ntawm absorbed zog yog lub tshav kub ntawm theem hloov. Nws suav nrog ob yam:

  • ib qho ntawm cov cua sov xav tau los kov yeej cov molecular quab yuam ntawm kev nyiam thaum muaj kev sib cais ntawm cov molecules txuas;
  • cua sov xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov molecules hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov khoom ua kua rau hauv vapor lossis roj.
evaporation ntawm cawv
evaporation ntawm cawv

Qhov no tshwm sim li cas?

Kev hloov ntawm cov tshuaj los ntawm lub xeev ua kua mus rau lub xeev gaseous tuaj yeem tshwm sim ob txoj hauv kev:

  1. Evaporation yog txheej txheem uas cov molecules khiav tawm ntawm cov khoom ua kua.
  2. Boiling yog txheej txheem ntawm vaporization los ntawm cov kua los ntawm kev nqa qhov kub thiab txias mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb kub ntawm boiling ntawm ib yam khoom.

Txawm hais tias ob qho xwm txheej no hloov pauv cov khoom ua kua rau hauv cov roj, muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm lawv. Boiling yog ib qho txheej txheem nquag uas tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thaum evaporation tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txhua yam mob. Lwm qhov sib txawv yog qhov kub kub yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov tuab ntawm cov kua, thaum qhov thib ob tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov kua tshuaj.

Molecular Kinetic Theory of Evaporation

Yog tias peb xav txog cov txheej txheem no ntawm qib molecular, ces nws tshwm sim raws li hauv qab no:

  1. Molecules nyob rau hauv cov kua tshuaj nyob rau hauv tas li chaotic motion, lawv tag nrho cov sib txawv kiag li speeds. Meanwhile, cov hais yog attracted rau ib leeg vim lub zog ntawm attraction. Txhua zaus lawv sib tsoo nrog ib leeg, lawv qhov nrawm hloov. Qee lub sij hawm, qee qhov kev loj hlob sai heev, cia lawv kov yeej lub zog ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus.
  2. Cov ntsiab lus no, uas tshwm sim ntawm cov kua dej, muaj lub zog kinetic uas lawv muaj peev xwm kov yeejintermolecular bonds thiab tawm hauv cov kua.
  3. Nws yog cov molecules ceev tshaj plaws uas ya tawm ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom ua kua, thiab cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim tas li thiab tsis tu ncua.
  4. Ib zaug saum huab cua, lawv tig mus rau hauv chav - qhov no hu ua vaporization.
  5. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov no, qhov nruab nrab kinetic zog ntawm cov khoom seem ua rau me thiab me. Qhov no piav qhia txog qhov txias ntawm cov kua. Nco ntsoov tias thaum yau peb raug qhia kom tshuab cov kua kub kom nws txias sai dua. Nws hloov tawm tias peb ua kom cov txheej txheem ntawm dej evaporation, thiab qhov kub thiab txias poob sai dua.
evaporation ntawm ib qho khoom
evaporation ntawm ib qho khoom

Nws nyob ntawm dab tsi?

Muaj ntau yam tsim nyog rau cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim. Nws los ntawm txhua qhov chaw uas muaj cov dej muaj nyob: cov no yog pas dej, hiav txwv, dej, txhua yam khoom ntub dej, npog ntawm lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg, nrog rau cov nplooj ntoo. Nws tuaj yeem xaus lus tias evaporation yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev thiab tseem ceeb heev rau lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig thiab tag nrho cov tsiaj nyob.

Ntawm no yog yam uas cuam tshuam rau qhov tshwm sim:

  1. Tus evaporation tus nqi ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kua nws tus kheej. Nws paub tias txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Piv txwv li, cov khoom uas qhov kub ntawm vaporization qis dua yuav hloov dua siab tshiab. Cia peb piv ob txheej txheem: evaporation ntawm cawv thiab dej zoo tib yam. Hauv thawj kis, kev hloov pauv mus rau lub xeev gaseous tshwm sim sai dua, vim tias qhov tshwj xeeb kub ntawm vaporization thiab condensation rau cawv yog 837 kJ / kg, thiab rau dej yuav luag peb zaug.ntau - 2260 kJ/kg.
  2. Qhov nrawm kuj nyob ntawm qhov pib kub ntawm cov kua: qhov siab dua, qhov ua kom nrawm dua. Ua piv txwv, cia peb muab ib khob dej, thaum muaj dej kub hauv lub nkoj, ces vaporization tshwm sim ntawm tus nqi siab dua thaum dej kub qis dua.
  3. Lwm yam uas txiav txim siab qhov ceev ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog thaj tsam ntawm cov kua. Nco ntsoov tias cov kua zaub kub txias sai dua hauv lub tais loj dua li hauv lub tais me me.
  4. Tus nqi ntawm kev faib khoom hauv huab cua feem ntau txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm evaporation, uas yog, qhov nthuav dav sai dua, qhov vaporization sai tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, nrog cua muaj zog, cov tee dej evaporate sai dua ntawm cov pas dej, cov dej ntws thiab cov reservoirs.
  5. Cov huab cua kub hauv chav kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Peb mam li tham ntxiv txog qhov no hauv qab no.
evaporation tshwm sim thaum
evaporation tshwm sim thaum

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm huab cua yog dab tsi?

Vim qhov tseeb tias cov txheej txheem ntawm evaporation tshwm sim los ntawm txhua qhov chaw tsis tu ncua thiab tas li, ib txwm muaj cov dej hauv huab cua. Hauv daim ntawv molecular, lawv zoo li ib pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus H2O. Cov kua yuav evaporate nyob ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov dej vapor nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, qhov coefficient no hu ua huab cua humidity. Nws los ntawm ob hom:

  1. txheeb ze humidity yog qhov piv ntawm cov dej vapor nyob rau hauv cov huab cua mus rau qhov ceev ntawm saturated vapor ntawm tib qhov kub thiab txias li ib feem pua. Piv txwv li, tus qhab nia ntawm 100% qhiatias cov huab cua yog tag nrho cov molecules ntawm H2O.
  2. Tus yam ntxwv tseeb qhia qhov ntom ntawm cov dej vapor hauv huab cua, qhia los ntawm tsab ntawv f thiab qhia tias pes tsawg cov dej molecules muaj nyob rau hauv 1m3 huab cua.

Kev sib txuas ntawm cov txheej txheem evaporation thiab cov av noo tuaj yeem txiav txim siab raws li hauv qab no. Qhov qis dua qhov txheeb ze ntawm huab cua, qhov evaporation sai ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab lwm yam khoom yuav tshwm sim.

Evaporation ntawm ntau yam khoom

Nyob hauv cov khoom sib txawv, cov txheej txheem no sib txawv. Piv txwv li, cawv evaporates sai dua li cov kua ntau vim nws qhov tshwj xeeb cua sov ntawm vaporization. Feem ntau cov kua tshuaj no hu ua volatile, vim dej vapor cia evaporates los ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov kub.

cov kua yuav evaporate
cov kua yuav evaporate

Cawv kuj tuaj yeem evaporate txawm nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj cawv los yog vodka, cawv yog tsav los ntawm lub moonshine, tsuas yog mus txog lub boiling point, uas yog kwv yees li sib npaug zos rau 78 degrees. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb evaporation kub ntawm cawv yuav siab dua me ntsis, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov khoom qub (piv txwv li, mash) nws yog ib qho ua ke nrog ntau yam roj tsw qab thiab dej.

Condensation thiab sublimation

Cov tshwm sim hauv qab no tuaj yeem pom txhua zaus cov dej kub hauv lub lauj kaub. Nco ntsoov tias thaum dej npau npau, nws hloov ntawm lub xeev ua kua mus rau lub xeev gaseous. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv no txoj kev: ib tug kub dav hlau ntawm dej vapor nrogya tawm ntawm lub kettle los ntawm nws cov spout ntawm kev kub ceev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov tsim chav tsis pom ncaj qha ntawm qhov tawm ntawm lub spout, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv deb ntawm nws. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua condensation, i.e. dej vapor thickens mus rau qhov uas nws yuav pom rau peb ob lub qhov muag.

dej evaporation txheej txheem
dej evaporation txheej txheem

Cov evaporation ntawm cov khoom yog hu ua sublimation. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lawv dhau los ntawm lub xeev ntawm aggregation mus rau lub xeev gaseous, bypassing cov kua theem. Cov ntaub ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm sublimation yog txuam nrog cov dej khov nab kuab. Hauv nws daim ntawv qub, dej khov yog ib qho khoom; ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 0 ° C, nws pib yaj, noj cov kua hauv lub xeev. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum, ntawm qhov kub tsis zoo, dej khov dhau mus rau hauv daim ntawv vapor, hla cov kua theem.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm evaporation ntawm tib neeg lub cev

Ua tsaug rau evaporation, thermoregulation tshwm sim hauv peb lub cev. Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim los ntawm tus kheej-txias system. Nyob rau hnub kub sultry, tus neeg uas koom nrog qee lub cev ua haujlwm ua kub heev. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws nce lub zog sab hauv. Thiab raws li koj paub, ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 42 ° protein hauv tib neeg cov ntshav pib coagulate, yog tias cov txheej txheem no tsis raug tso tseg rau lub sijhawm, nws yuav ua rau tuag.

cawv evaporation kub
cawv evaporation kub

Lub tshuab nws tus kheej txias yog tsim los ntawm kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias rau lub neej ib txwm muaj. Thaum qhov kub thiab txias dhau los ua qhov siab tshaj plaws, kev tawm hws nquag pib los ntawm cov pores ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm daim tawv nqaij tshwm simevaporation, uas absorbs dhau lub cev lub zog. Hauv lwm lo lus, evaporation yog txheej txheem uas ua rau lub cev txias rau lub xeev ib txwm muaj.

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