Zinoviev Grigory Evseevich: biography, duab thiab nthuav tseeb

Cov txheej txheem:

Zinoviev Grigory Evseevich: biography, duab thiab nthuav tseeb
Zinoviev Grigory Evseevich: biography, duab thiab nthuav tseeb
Anonim

Tus nto moo Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig Zinoviev Grigory (lub neej xyoo 1883-1936) kuj yog ib tug Soviet statesman thiab nom tswv. Raws li qee qhov chaw, nws lub npe tiag tiag yog Radomyslsky Ovsei-Gershon (Evsei-Gershon) Aronovich; Raws li lwm qhov chaw, nws lub npe yog Hirsch (Gersh) Apfelbaum (los ntawm niam). Ib tug luv luv biography ntawm Grigory Zinoviev tau dhau los ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm peb kev tshuaj xyuas.

Zinoviev Grigory
Zinoviev Grigory

Zinoviev Grigory Evseevich tau yug los (luv luv txog tus neeg no koj yuav kawm los ntawm tsab xov xwm) hauv 1883, Cuaj Hlis 11 (23), hauv nroog Elisavetgrad (kwv yees Kropivnitsky), Kherson xeev. Txij li thaum 1924, nws hometown tau hu ua Zinovievsk rau ib xyoo caum. Nws txiv, Aaron Radomyslsky, uas muaj ib lub chaw ua liaj ua teb, muab kev kawm theem qis rau nws.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14 xyoos, Zinoviev raug yuam ua haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab muab kev qhia, vim nws tsev neeg txom nyem.

Thawj tus poj niam ntawm Grigory Evseevich yog tus kws tshaj lij kev hloov pauv Ravich SarraNaumovna, tseem hu ua pseudonym Olga. Nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm RSDLP, hloov pauv ib ntus ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm Sab Hauv ntawm Sab Qaum Teb, thiab raug ntes ntau zaus.

Zinoviev tus poj niam tom ntej yog Lilina Zlata Ionovna, tseem paub hauv qab lub npe Zina Levina. Nws kuj tau koom nrog RSDLP, ua haujlwm hauv Petrosoviet, koom tes nrog cov ntawv xov xwm Pravda thiab Zvezda. Nws yug tau ib tug tub los ntawm Zinoviev - Radomyslsky Stefan Grigorievich. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 29, nws raug ntes thiab raug txim tuag.

Tus poj niam thib peb ntawm Radomyslsky yog Evgenia Yakovlevna Lasman. Nws siv li 20 xyoo ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv exile thiab raug kaw.

Biography ntawm Grigory Zinoviev
Biography ntawm Grigory Zinoviev

Kev ua ub ua ntej kev tawm tsam

Twb yog thaum muaj hnub nyoog 18 xyoo (1901) Zinoviev tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm RSDLP thiab pib koom nrog kev hloov pauv. Nws tau teeb tsa cov neeg ua haujlwm tawm tsam hauv Novorossia, uas nws raug tsim txom los ntawm tub ceev xwm. Zam kev tsim txom, xyoo 1902 Radomyslsky tawm mus rau Berlin, thiab tom qab ntawd tsiv mus rau Paris thiab Bern hauv ib xyoos. Xyoo 1903, nws tau nyob ntawd nws tau ntsib Lenin, thiab tom qab ntawd los ze rau nws thiab pib sawv cev rau nws hauv cov koom haum European socialist.

Xyoo 1903, Grigory Zinoviev, uas nws daim duab koj pom hauv kab lus, tau koom nrog Bolsheviks, thiab ntawm II Congress ntawm RSDLP txhawb nqa Lenin. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, lub revolutionary rov qab mus rau Ukraine, qhov uas nws nquag ua propaganda.

Ib xyoos tom qab, vim muaj mob plawv, Radomyslsky rov tawm hauv lub tebchaws, rov qab mus rau Bern. Nyob ntawd nws pib kawm, nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Chemistry, tab sis ib xyoos tom qab nws cuam tshuam nws txoj kev kawm los koom nrog.kiv puag ncig (1905-1907). Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws tau tos rau kev ua tswv cuab hauv St. Petersburg City Committee ntawm RSDLP. Kev tawm tsam tshiab ntawm kev mob yuam Zinoviev tawm mus rau Bern dua, tab sis twb tau mus kawm ntawm Kws Lij Choj Txoj Cai. Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1906, nws rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg, tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees (tsuas yog Lenin tau txais kev xaiv tsa ntau dua) thiab pib ua haujlwm hauv cov ntawv xov xwm Vperyod thiab Sotsial-Democrat (cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv av). Rau nws cov dej num, nws raug ntes hauv 1908, vim muaj mob nws raug tso tawm peb lub hlis tom qab thiab tawm mus rau Austrian Galicia nrog Lenin.

Muaj Zinoviev Grigory Evseevich, uas nws biography yog tag nrho ntawm kev xwm txheej, tau txais nyiaj ntau rau Bolshevik Party los ntawm tus nto moo taug txuj kev nyuaj Parvus. Tub ceev xwm Austrian ntseeg tias Zinoviev raug xaiv los ntawm Fabkis txoj kev txawj ntse.

Biography luv luv ntawm Grigory Zinoviev
Biography luv luv ntawm Grigory Zinoviev

Revolution

Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1917, Zinoviev nrog nws tus poj niam thib ob Zlata Lilina, lawv tus tub Stefan, thawj tus poj niam Sarra Ravich thiab Lenin rov qab los rau Russia hauv lub tsheb thauj khoom kaw. Tom qab lub Xya hli ntuj hnub, Radomyslsky thiab Lenin nkaum nyob rau hauv lub pas dej Razliv los ntawm ib ntus tsoom fwv (tam sim no, ib tug monument tau raug tsa nyob rau ntawd thiab ib tug tiag tiag tsev pheebsuab yog tsim txhua txhua xyoo). Lawv raug liam tias yog neeg soj xyuas thiab kev koom tes nrog Austria-Hungary.

Lub Kaum Hli 1917, lub rooj sib tham kaw ntawm Bolshevik Central Committee tau tuav, qhov twg Zinoviev thiab Lev Kamenev tau tshaj tawm txog kev tshem tawm ntxov ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tsev Kawm Ntawv ib ntus thiab tsis pom zoo nrog Lenin txoj kev daws teeb meem. Lawv cov lus hais hauv Novaya Zhizn (Mensheviks) yuav luag raug tshem tawm ntawm tog, tab sis lawv tsuas txiav txim siab txwv lawv.hais rau nws sawv cev.

Thaum cov Bolsheviks thiab Social Revolutionaries txeeb tau lub hwj chim hauv Petrograd, Zinoviev nrog Lev Kamenev, Alexei Rykov thiab Viktor Nogin tau tawm tswv yim sib tham nrog Vizhel thiab kev pom zoo rau nws qhov kev thov kom sib sau cov tog neeg rau hauv ib qho kev nom kev tswv. Lenin thiab Trotsky tau tso tseg cov kev sib tham no, thiab thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 4, qhov plaub no nrog Vladimir Milyutin uas tau koom nrog lawv tawm hauv Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas. Lenin, hauv kev teb, tshaj tawm lawv cov neeg khiav tawm - nws txawm hais qhov no hauv nws zaj lus pov thawj nom tswv.

Zinoviev Grigory revolutionary
Zinoviev Grigory revolutionary

Tsov Rog Tsov Rog

Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1917, Zinoviev raug tso cai rov qab los ua nom tswv. Thaum lub sij hawm Tsov Rog Tsov Rog, nws tau ua tus thawj coj ntawm Petrograd Soviet, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Pawg Sib Koom Tes ntawm Northern Region, thiab Petrograd Revolutionary Defense Committee.

Kev nkag mus rau lub zog tsis muaj kev txwv corrupted Zinoviev. Thaum txhua tus neeg nyob ib puag ncig tau tshaib plab, nws tau npaj cov rooj noj mov zoo nkauj rau nws cov neeg koom tes. Ntawm nws txoj kev pib, cov bourgeoisie thiab cov khoom tsis ua haujlwm tau raug tshem tawm ntawm daim ntawv ci ci. Lub sijhawm ntawd, kaum tawm txhiab tus neeg poob rau hauv pawg no. Lawv tau raug puas tsuaj rau kev tshaib kev nqhis.

Zinoviev Grigory Evseevich (uas yog phau ntawv keeb kwm luv luv tau nthuav tawm rau koj mloog hauv tsab xov xwm) thaum xub thawj tso tseg "kev ntshai liab" tom qab kev tua neeg sim Lenin thiab tua neeg ntawm Volodarsky thiab Uritsky, uas nws raug mob hnyav. kev thuam los ntawm Lenin. Nws kuj tau tawm tsam qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub nroog mus rau Moscow.

Zinoviev tau txais Lenin qhov kev pom zoo los ntawm kev txhawb nqa Treaty ntawm Brest-Litovsk, thiab sai sai tau rov qab mus rau pawg thawj coj hauv Central Committee nrog kev koom tes hauv Politburo tshiab. Lawv kuj tau tso siab rau nws los ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Comintern, qhov chaw uas nws tau qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm "social fascism".

Zinoviev koom nrog hauv lub koom haum ntawm "Liab ntshai" ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm Petrograd, uas nws tau lub npe menyuam yaus "Grishka thib peb" los ntawm lawv (hauv kev sib piv nrog Otrepiev thiab Rasputin).

Raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Petrograd Zinoviev, cov pej xeem hauv nroog tau poob ntau dua 4 lab tus tib neeg. Lawv feem ntau tsuas yog tawm hauv lub nroog, tab sis ib feem loj tuag vim kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab kev tua. Kev kub ntxhov ntawm roj kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam - thaum lub caij ntuj no, roj tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv nroog.

Muaj kev xav tias qhov kev ua ntawm Zinoviev yog lub tswv yim los txo "cov ntsiab lus tsis yog proletarian".

Lub sijhawm ntawd, ntau pua tus neeg raug tua, Zinoviev kev tsim txom yog qhov phem tshaj plaws thiab loj. Muaj kev xav tias qhov no tau hais los ntawm kev poob siab, ntshai rau kev tuag ntawm kev hloov pauv.

Txij li xyoo 1921, Zinoviev yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Politburo thiab tau txais kev ua thawj coj. Lub sijhawm ntawd, nws tau txhawb Lenin cov cuab yeej cuab tam, luam tawm ntau phau ntawv - nws cov ntawv sau tau pib luam tawm.

Zinoviev nquag koom nrog kev tsim txom ntawm Orthodox txiv plig, thaum Bolsheviks tau txeeb ntau lub tsev teev ntuj khoom muaj nqis. Hauv Petrograd, uas nws tau txiav txim siab, muaj kev sim siab, qhov twg 10 tus txiv plig raug txim tuag, suav nrog Archimandrite Sergius thiab Metropolitan Benjamin, uas tom qab ntawd tau txiav txim siab ua tus dawb huv martyr.

Zinoviev tau koom nrog kev nce siab ntawm Stalin, cuam tshuam nws txoj haujlwm los ua Tus Thawj Coj General ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm RCP hauv xyoo 1923. Nws ua qhov no tsis yog los ntawm kev khuv leej tus kheej, tab sis nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev nyiam nws mus rau kev tawm tsam Trotsky.

Zinoviev Grigory tsev neeg
Zinoviev Grigory tsev neeg

Tom qab Lenin tuag

Tom qab Lenin tuag, Trotsky thiab Zinoviev tseem yog tus sib tw tiag tiag rau lub hwj chim.

Nyob rau xyoo ntawd, Zinoviev txoj haujlwm nyuaj heev. Nws hu kom kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov neeg peasantry thiab tag nrho plunder ntawm lub zos nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav yuam industrialization. Nws yog nws uas cynically tshaj tawm hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los rhuav tshem ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem, txij li thaum lub Bolsheviks yuav tsis muaj peev xwm retrain txhua leej txhua tus ntawm lawv tus kheej txoj kev.

Zinoviev nrhiav kev npaj lub ntiaj teb kiv puag ncig. Cov communist sim txeeb lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv Hungary, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Finland. Tag nrho cov no ua rau ntau tus neeg tuag thiab cov nqi nyiaj txiag tsis muaj tseeb.

Los ntawm Comintern Zinoviev Grigory, tus kiv puag ncig, thim nyiaj vwm rau cov tsev txhab nyiaj sab hnub poob.

Cult of Personality

Txawm hais tias Zinoviev tshaj tawm rau pej xeem thuam Stalin, nws tau tsim nws tus cwj pwm kev coj noj coj ua ua ntej thiab ua rau nws ntau ntxiv. Nws renamed nws hometown Zinovievsk kom perpetuate nws lub npe. Hauv ntau lub nroog loj, monuments thiab busts tau tsa rau ntawm nws cov lus txib. Nws luam tawm tag nrho nws tej hauj lwm (33 ntim).

tawm tsam tshiab

Twb 2 xyoos tom qab, Zinoviev thiab Kamenev tawm tsam Stalin. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau tso tseg los ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Comintern thiab Lensoviet, raug tshem tawm thawj zaug los ntawm Politburo, thiab ib xyoos tom qab los ntawm Central Committee. Qhov no yog ua raws li kev cais tawm ntawm tog thiab exile.

Xyoo 1928, Zinoviev Grigory, uas nws tsev neeg kuj raug kev txom nyem, hloov siab lees txim, thiab nws tau rov qab los rau hauv tog, tau raug tsa los ua tus rector rau Kazan University. Plaub xyoos tom qab, kev sau ntawvnws qhov kev tshaj tawm xov xwm yog rov qab los ntawm kev raug ntes thiab raug ntiab tawm, tab sis lub sijhawm no tsis yog ntaub ntawv. Hauv qhov kev siv no, nws txhais Mein Kampf (Kuv Txoj Kev Sib Tw) los ntawm Hitler. Xyoo 1933, tau luam tawm ib tsab ntawv txhais lus tsawg kawg nkaus (kawm los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tog).

Hloov ntawm plaub xyoos ntawm kev raug ntiab tawm, ib xyoos tom qab Zinoviev rov qab los rau hauv tog thiab xa mus rau Tsentrosoyuz. Thaum lub rooj sib tham tog, nws hloov siab lees txim thiab qhuas Stalin thiab nws cov phooj ywg hauv caj npab. Nws yog Zinoviev uas tom qab ntawd hu ua Stalin "tus neeg txawj ntse ntawm txhua lub sijhawm thiab tib neeg."

Zinoviev Grigory Evsevich thaum yau Story ntxiv Untold Biography Tseeb
Zinoviev Grigory Evsevich thaum yau Story ntxiv Untold Biography Tseeb

Kab lus thiab sim

Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1934, Zinoviev raug ntes dua, raug kaw rau 10 xyoo. Qhov kev iab liam yog kev pab cuam hauv kev tua neeg Kirov, raws li ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm, qhov tseeb no tau rigged los ntawm Stalin. Thaum nyob hauv Verkhneuralsk nom tswv cais, nws sau ntawv, tig mus rau Stalin nrog kev lees paub tias nws tsis yog nws tus yeeb ncuab ntxiv lawm thiab npaj txhij ua tiav txhua qhov kev xav tau.

Stalin thiab nws cov neeg txhawb nqa nquag siv lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Zinoviev thiab Kamenev, tshaj tawm cov lus xaiv tias cov neeg tawm tsam yog cov neeg Yudais thiab cov neeg txawj ntse.

Lub sijhawm no, Zinoviev txoj kev kho kom rov zoo tsis tau ua raws, thiab xyoo 1936 "kev sim ntawm kaum rau" tau tshwm sim, qhov chaw uas cov thawj coj qub tau sim. Lub Yim Hli 24, lawv tau txiav txim siab ua tiav - lub txim siab tshaj plaws. Ib hnub tom qab, kab lus raug tua.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas xyoo 1988 cov kab lus no raug muab tso tseg, lees paub qhov tsis muaj corpus delicti hauv kev nqis tes ua.

Muaj pov thawj tias thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav, Zinoviev tau thov kom rov qab cov nyiajComintern. Nws rov qab ib feem ntawm cov nyiaj uas nws tus kheej nyiag thiab tsis muaj sijhawm los siv lossis nqis peev. Tom qab ntawd, Stalin tsis xav kom nws ciaj sia.

Tom qab kawm txog Zinoviev tus cwj pwm ua ntej kev tua, Stalin thuam thuam rau hauv pem teb, hais tias nws yooj yim dua tso lwm tus tawm tsam phab ntsa.

Thaum raug ntes, Zinoviev raug kaw hauv qhov xwm txheej txaus ntshai. Nyob rau hauv lub tshav kub nyob rau hauv lub cell, lub cua sov tau tig mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws. Teeb meem nrog rau lub raum thiab lub siab thiab cov xwm txheej zoo li no coj tus neeg raug txim mus rau kev tawm tsam hnyav - los ntawm qhov mob nws dov rau hauv pem teb thiab thov kom hloov mus rau hauv tsev kho mob. Hloov chaw tsim nyog, cov kws kho mob muab tshuaj rau nws uas ua rau tus kab mob hnyav ntxiv.

Nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj txaus ntshai, tom qab lub neej xis nyob thiab vam meej, Grigory Evseevich Zinoviev tsoo thiab thov Stalin nrog kua muag kom tshem tawm qhov kev sim siab.

Stalin tau cog lus rau Zinoviev thiab Kamenev kom lawv nyob nrog lawv tsev neeg yog tias lawv pom zoo nyob rau hauv tsev hais plaub nrog txhua qhov kev iab liam thiab thuam qee tus qub Bolsheviks. Qhov kev tawm tsam no tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sim siab, tab sis tsis tau cawm cov neeg raug txim txoj sia.

Zinoviev Grigory Evseevich luv luv
Zinoviev Grigory Evseevich luv luv

Kev tuag

Zinoviev raug tua thaum hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Yim Hli 26, 1936. Nws tshwm sim hauv VKVS lub tsev (Moscow). Cov neeg ua tim khawv rau kev tua neeg nco qab tias Zinoviev ua rau nws txaj muag thiab thov kev hlub tshua, hnia cov khau ntawm cov neeg tua neeg ntawm kab lus, thiab thaum kawg nws tsis tuaj yeem taug kev nws tus kheej, yog li cov meters kawg tsuas rub nws. Ua ntej raug tua, nws pib nyeem cov lus thov Vajtswv hauv nws haiv neeg Henplais. Kamenev, raug txim nrog nws, hais kom nws tsis txhob thuam nws tus kheej thiab tuag nrog meej mom. Muaj lwm version, raws li qhov uas Zinoviev yuav tsum tau nqa mus rau lub tuastretcher.

Tom qab kev kho dua tshiab ntawm Zinoviev xyoo 1988, tau ntau xyoo nws tau raug qhuas tias yog tus neeg raug tsim txom ntawm Stalinist kev tsim txom yam tsis muaj kev txhaum.

Ntxhais neeg txheeb ze

Tag nrho peb tus poj niam ntawm Zinoviev raug cem. Thawj tus poj niam, Sarah Ravich, raug ntes peb zaug, thaum kawg rov kho dua thiab tso tawm vim muaj mob hnyav tsuas yog peb xyoos ua ntej nws tuag, xyoo 1954.

Tus poj niam thib ob, Zlata Lilina, raug ntes ob zaug thiab raug xa mus rau kev raug kaw, tab sis tsis zoo li nws tus tub, nws dim txoj kev tuag. Zinoviev tus tub tuag xyoo tom qab nws. Tom qab kev tua Gregory, tag nrho Lilina tej hauj lwm (feem ntau ua hauj lwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ua hauj lwm kev kawm ntawv) raug txeeb los ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv.

Zinoviev tus poj niam thib peb Yevgenia Lyasman raug ntes tau yuav luag ob xyoo lawm. Nws raug tso tawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1954, thiab rov kho dua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej - nyob rau hauv 2006. Nws sau ntawv nco txog nws tus txiv, tab sis cov txheeb ze txwv tsis pub tshaj tawm.

Cinema

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Zinoviev hauv keeb kwm thiab kev nom kev tswv tau rov ua dua tshiab hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab. Thawj zaj yeeb yaj kiab yog "Lub Kaum Hli" - qhov kev tsim ntsiag to ntawm Eisenstein. Nws yog noteworthy tias Zinoviev ua si los ntawm Apfelbaum, nws tus tij laug. Ntawm lwm cov yeeb yaj kiab hu ua "Blue Notebook", "In the days of October", "Liab", "Red Tswb", "Lenin. Tsheb ciav hlau", "Stalin", "Nyob rau hauv lub kos npe rau ntawm Scorpion" thiab TV series "Yesenin".

Kev xav ntawm ib tiam

Ib phau ntawv luv luv ntawm Grigory Zinoviev, ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov, yog qhov txaus siab rau ntau lub sijhawm. Cov pej xeem xav li cas txog tus neeg no? Nyob rau hauv dav dav, contemporaries twb tsis zoo heev pov tseg rauZinoviev. Lawv paub txog nws txoj kev txawj ntse thiab kev coj noj coj ua, tab sis kuj tau sau tseg tias nws yog ib tug neeg lim hiam thiab txawj ntse.

Cov neeg nyob ze Zinoviev tau hais txog nws qhov tsis muaj kev tswj hwm, kev xav tsis thoob thiab kev ntshaw, thiab tau sau tseg rau tus Tswv tus yam ntxwv.

Cov phooj ywg tog tau thuam Zinoviev rau kev ua tsis ncaj ncees hauv kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev xaiv tsis raug cai los ua kom tiav tus kheej thiab kev nom kev tswv.

Thaum muaj kev tshaib kev nqhis hauv Petrograd, ntau yam delicacies raug coj mus rau Zinoviev lub rooj. Nws tau hais tias qhov nyias nyias thiab tus cwj pwm coj tus cwj pwm ua ntej Gregory tau loj hlob mus rau qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsis pom zoo ntawm "cov neeg rog rog rog" uas tau nyem nyiaj los ntawm cov neeg tshaib plab.

Nyob rau hauv lub memoirs ntawm Zinoviev lub contemporaries muaj cov lus hais txog lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug cult ntawm nws tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv Leningrad.

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