Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev cai lij choj, "Institutions" raws li ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm txoj cai ntawm Justinian yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub codification ntawm Roman txoj cai. Lawv tau los ua ib feem ntawm Corpus iuris civilis, tsim los ntawm tsab cai ntawm Justinian I, Emperor ntawm Byzantium. Lawv cov ntawv nyeem yog raws li "Institutions" ntawm tus naas ej kws lij choj Gaius, tsim los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 2nd. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov hauj lwm ntawm lwm cov kws sau ntawv ntawm 2nd-3rd centuries kuj tau siv. Peb tab tom tham txog Ulpian, Marcian thiab Florentine.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Phau ntawv tau sau los ntawm Tribonian, Theophilus thiab Dorotheus, nthuav tawm rau tus huab tais thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 21, 533. Hnub no yog hnub uas lawv tshaj tawm. Thiab hnub nkag mus rau hauv kev quab yuam yog lub Kaum Ob Hlis 30, 533. Kev nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv raug tswj hwm los ntawm kev cai tshwj xeeb ntawm Justinian. Conventionally, nws tau hu ua Imperatoriam. Nws hu ua cov ntawv tshaj tawm "peb lub koom haum" lossis "peb cov cai". Txawm hais tias huab tais nws tus kheej hauv kev npaj ntawm phau ntawv kev koom testsis tau txais, cov khoom sau tau luam tawm rau nws.
Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv, uas yog ib feem ntawm Justinian qhov kev sau npe, yog phau ntawv kawm ntawm Roman txoj cai lij choj npaj rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thawj xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, nws txawv ntawm Guy phau ntawv kawm uas nws muaj kev cai lij choj.
qauv qauv qiv los ntawm Guy. 4 phau ntawv muab faib ua lub npe. Raws li cov ntawv niaj hnub no, kuj muaj kev faib ua pawg. Tsis ntev tom qab lub codification tau ua tiav, cov lus piav qhia ntawm "Institutions" tau luam tawm hauv Greek. Nws tus sau yog Theophilus. Nws tau sau rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas tsis hais lus Latin.
Institutional system
Yuav kom nkag siab tias Justinian "Institutions" yog dab tsi, ib tus yuav tsum nkag siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv txoj kev tsim kho. Raws li hais saum toj no, lawv tau txais los ntawm Guy. Lub kaw lus xav tias qhov tsis muaj ib feem. Hloov chaw, feem ntau yog siv lub npe luv luv, uas qhia txog kev tshaj tawm, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev siv cov cai. Hauv qhov no, cov qauv uas muaj qhov dav dav muaj nyob hauv txhua phau ntawv. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, lub hauv paus ntawm Romanesque system ntawm kev cai lij choj ntiag tug raug tso.
Raws li nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, piv txwv li, Napoleonic Code ntawm 1804 tau tsim. Nws tau muab faib ua peb ntu, ntawm qhov thib ib yog mob siab rau cov tib neeg, qhov thib ob hais txog hom khoom, thiab qhov thib peb xav txog txoj hauv kev. kom tau khoom. Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm cov mis: "tus neeg - yam - lub luag hauj lwm." Tom qab ntawd, cov txheej txheem hauv tsev, nrog qee qhov kev hloov pauv, tau txais hauv cov tebchaws xws li Spain, Belgium,Portugal.
Qhov system no tawm tsam qhov kev sib kis thiab yog qhov qis dua rau nws raws li cov txheej txheem kev cai lij choj. Qhov kawg sib raug rau kev tsim ntawm Justinian's Digests, txwv tsis pub hu ua Pandects. Txhais los ntawm Greek πανδέκτης txhais tau tias "ua tiav", "txhim kho". Lub tshuab pandect suav nrog kev faib cov feem dav dav thiab tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cai thiab cov lej rau hauv cov ntu sib cais.
qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, "Institution" suav nrog plaub phau ntawv. Lawv muab faib ua 98 lub npe. Raws li cov ntsiab lus, lawv muab faib ua peb ntu:
- Personae (txoj cai ntawm tib neeg).
- Res (txoj cai lij choj).
- Actiones (lawv).
Lub npe kawg (phau ntawv 4, 18) tau mob siab rau cov teeb meem kev cai lij choj rau pej xeem, uas hais txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm tau kos los ntawm Paul.
Cov phau ntawv
Nws zoo li no:
- Book 1st. General theoretical kev cai lij choj kev cai thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub hauv paus ntawm Roman txoj cai. Txoj cai ntawm tib neeg, qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm cov pej xeem dawb thiab qhev. Tsev neeg txoj cai lij choj, uas muaj xws li kev sib yuav thiab kev saws me nyuam, nrog rau cov qauv uas muaj feem xyuam rau lawv ntawm kev saib xyuas thiab kev saib xyuas.
- Book 2. Txoj cai tiag tiag, uas suav nrog: hom khoom, muaj ntawm lawv thiab lwm cov cai tiag tiag. Khoom plig thiab qub txeeg qub teg raws li lub siab nyiam.
- Book 3rd. Cov cai ntawm kev ua qub txeeg qub teg raws li txoj cai. Hom kev lav phib xaub, xws li nqi xauj tsev, yuav thiab muag, thiab lwm yam. Cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab ntau yam kev pom zoo.
- Phau ntawv 4th. Kev caicov luag num uas tsis muaj ntawv cog lus tshwm sim los ntawm torts thiab quasi-delicts. Lub koom haum ntawm cov txheej txheem kev cai lij choj, qhov uas peb tab tom tham txog hom kev thov, txheej txheem rau kev pib lawv, kev ruaj ntseg cov ntaub ntawv, kev lav phib xaub rau kev ua txhaum cai ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov txheej xwm ntawm tus kws txiav txim plaub ntug hauv kev hais plaub ntug, thiab lwm yam. Lub npe kawg muaj txoj cai lij choj.
Tus qauv ntawm kev qiv hauv tsev ntawm Justinian
Nyob rau hauv kev sim tshuaj xyuas lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm xws li kev cai lij choj raws li kev xauj tsev, cov kws tshawb fawb los xaus tias nws cov qauv qub yuav tsum tau nrhiav hauv Roman txoj cai. Nws yog nws lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev cai lij choj nyob sab Europe, muab lub ntiaj teb qhov tseeb nyob mus ib txhis ntawm kev txawj ntse kev cai lij choj.
Raws li E. V. Kabatova, uas yog tus sau cov kev tshawb fawb tob txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo leasing, lawv cov peev txheej tuaj yeem yog cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab kev lav phib xaub, xav txog hauv Justinian's Institutions.
Cov tsev haujlwm no suav nrog lub tswv yim uas txiav txim siab txog kev muaj ib yam khoom yam tsis tau tsim ua tswv cuab ntawm nws. Ua ntej, peb txhais tau tias cov usfruct, uas yog ib qho ntawm ntau yam ntawm tus kheej easement. Qhov thib ob, peb tab tom tham txog daim ntawv cog lus rau ntiav khoom.
Law of Obligations
Justinian "Institution" txhais li cas? Nyob ntawd lawv raug suav tias yog kev sib raug zoo raws li txoj cai uas khi ib tus neeg rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua ib yam dab tsi raws li txoj cai ntawm lub xeev.
Yog vim li cas rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov luag haujlwm hauv Justinian tau muab faib ua plaub qhov chaw. Hais txog:
- Kev cog lus.
- Quasi-contracts.
- Nyob zoo.
- Quasi-torts.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev lav phib xaub tau nkag siab tias yog cov nuj nqis ntawm cov nuj nqis. Cov "Institutions" tham txog:
- hloov yam;
- them nyiaj;
- kev pabcuam;
- kev ua haujlwm.
Ib lo lus, cov qauv siv ntawm no: twv, facere, praestare, uas txhais tau tias "muab, ua, muab."
Cov lus cog tseg uas nyiam thov kev tiv thaiv, nrog rau cov luag haujlwm hauv kev ua zoo, raug xaiv tawm. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis ua hauj lwm, tus neeg tshuav nuj tshuav nqi yuav tswj nws txoj cai. Txawm li cas los xij, hom thib ob tsis yog tag nrho ntawm kev cai lij choj. Yam dab tsi twb tau them raws li lub luag haujlwm no tuaj yeem thov tsis tau them.
siv ntxiv
Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, Justinian's "Institutions" yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Roman txoj cai. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj tseem muaj lub zog ntawm txoj cai. Ntau tus ntawm lawv cov ntawv sau tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no. Cov feem ntau ancient ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv lub 9th-10th centuries. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho muaj ntau tshaj peb puas ntawm lawv. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog Bamberg thiab Turin.
Txog Lub Digests tau rov tshawb pom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th, Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv tseem yog phau ntawv tseem ceeb uas Loos txoj cai tau kawm. Lawv pib raug gloss thaum ntxov. Ntau cov glosses tseem nyob hauv Turin phau ntawv sau. Lawv muab tso ua ke txuas ntxiv mus rau 11th thiab 12th centuries. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, Accursius tsim Ordinary Glossa, nwsnpog tag nrho Corpus iuris civilis, suav nrog Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv. Yog li, txheej txheem ntawm glossing no monument tau ua tiav.
"Institutions" txhais ua Lavxias, Askiv, Mev, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, Turkish, Romanian, Fabkis.
Meaning
Hnub no, Justinian's "Institutions" yog ib lub cim ntawm Roman txoj cai, uas yog ib qho ntawm plaub feem ntawm nws codification (Corpus iuris civilis). Yav tas los, lawv muaj ob lub ntsiab lus:
- Ua ntej, lawv yog phau ntawv qhia rau cov tsev kawm ntawv txoj cai lij choj, raug pom zoo. Nws tau kawm nyob rau thawj lub semester ntawm kev kawm tsib xyoos.
- Secondly, nrog rau Txoj Cai ntawm Justinian thiab Digests, lawv kuj yog txoj cai tam sim no.
Qhov tsis txaus ntawm phau ntawv dag nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov koom haum cuam tshuam nrog ob qho tib si formulary thiab cov txheej txheem txawv tshaj plaw. Ntawm qhov zoo ntawm lub monument yog qhov muaj kev cai lij choj txhais lus thiab kev qhia meej ntawm cov ntsiab lus dav dav, nrog rau kev hais tawm ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev pom ntawm classical jurists.
Txhua tus qauv suav nrog Justinian's "Institutions" tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb rau ob qho tib si classical thiab post-classical Roman txoj cai.
