Lub ntiaj teb lub pob zeb yog txheej txheej tawv tawv ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Nws tau tsim ntau lab xyoo dhau los thiab niaj hnub hloov nws cov tsos nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm sab nraud thiab sab hauv. Ib feem ntawm nws yog muab zais rau hauv dej, lwm qhov hauv av. Lub ntiaj teb crust yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam tshuaj. Cia peb kawm seb tus twg.
Ntawm ntiaj teb
Pua pua lab xyoo tom qab tsim lub ntiaj teb, nws txheej txheej ntawm cov pob zeb kub npau npau pib txias thiab tsim lub ntiaj teb crust. Qhov saum npoo tau hloov ntawm xyoo mus rau xyoo. Cov kab nrib pleb, roob, volcanoes tshwm rau ntawm nws. Cua ntsawj lawv tawm kom tom qab ib pliag lawv rov tshwm sim, tab sis nyob rau lwm qhov chaw.
Vim cov txheej txheem sab nraud thiab sab hauv, txheej txheej txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis zoo ib yam. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov qauv, cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- geosynclines lossis folded;
- platforms;
- marginal faults thiab troughs.
Platforms yog qhov loj, thaj chaw sedentary. Lawv txheej sab saud (txog li 3-4 km) yog them nrog sedimentary pob zeb,uas nyob rau hauv kab rov tav txheej. Qib qis (lub hauv paus) yog crumpled heev. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb metamorphic thiab tej zaum yuav muaj igneous inclusions.
Geosynclines yog thaj chaw tectonically ua haujlwm uas cov txheej txheem hauv roob ua haujlwm. Lawv tshwm sim ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov dej hiav txwv hauv av thiab cov av av av, los yog hauv lub qhov dej ntawm cov dej hiav txwv ntawm cov teb chaws.
Yog cov roob tsim ze rau ntawm ntug ntawm lub platform, qhov kev ua txhaum me me thiab cov troughs yuav tshwm sim. Lawv ncav cuag li 17 kilometers nyob rau hauv qhov tob thiab stretch raws lub roob. Sij hawm dhau mus, cov pob zeb sedimentary sau ntawm no thiab cov pob zeb hauv av (roj, pob zeb thiab poov tshuaj ntsev, thiab lwm yam) raug tsim.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Cov tawv tawv yog 2.8·1019 tons. Qhov no tsuas yog 0.473% ntawm qhov loj ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv nws tsis yog ntau haiv neeg li nyob rau hauv lub mantle. Nws yog tsim los ntawm bas alts, granites thiab sedimentary pob zeb.
Ntawm 99.8% ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust muaj kaum yim yam. Cov nyiaj tshuav tsuas yog 0.2%. Feem ntau yog cov pa oxygen thiab silicon, uas ua rau cov khoom loj. Ntxiv rau lawv, cov tawv ntoo yog nplua nuj nyob hauv txhuas, hlau, potassium, calcium, sodium, carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus, chlorine, nitrogen, fluorine, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem pom hauv lub rooj:
| khoom npe | symbol | %mas |
| Oxygen | O | 49, 13 |
| Silicon | Sib | 26, 0 |
| Aluminium | Al | 7, 45 |
| Iron | Fe | 4, 2 |
| Ca | 3, 25 | |
| Sodium | Na | 2,4 |
| Potassium | K | 2,35 |
| Magnesium | Mg | 2,35 |
| Hydrogen | H | 1 |
|
Y Titanium |
Ti | 0, 61 |
| Carbon | C | 0, 35 |
| Chlorine | Cl | 0, 2 |
| phosphorus | P | 0, 125 |
| Sulfur | S | 0, 1 |
| YManganese | Mn | 0, 1 |
| fluorine | F | 0, 08 |
| Barium | Ba | 0, 05 |
|
Nitrogen Nyob |
N | 0, 04 |
Astatine yog suav tias yog cov khoom tsis tshua muaj - tsis ruaj khov thiabtshuaj lom. Tellurium, indium, thiab thallium kuj tsis tshua muaj. Feem ntau lawv tau tawg thiab tsis muaj pawg loj hauv ib qho.
Continental crust
Mainland lossis continental crust yog qhov peb feem ntau hu ua av qhuav. Nws yog qhov qub thiab npog txog 40% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Ntau qhov chaw ntawm nws yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 2 thiab 4.4 billion xyoo.
Cov av av av av muaj peb txheej. Los ntawm saum toj no nws yog them nrog ib tug discontinuous sedimentary cover. Cov pob zeb nyob hauv nws pw hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg lossis txheej txheej, vim lawv tau tsim los ntawm kev nias thiab compaction ntawm ntsev sediments los yog microbial residues.
Cov txheej qis dua thiab laus dua yog sawv cev los ntawm granites thiab gneisses. Lawv tsis yog ib txwm muab zais rau hauv cov pob zeb sedimentary. Hauv qee qhov chaw, lawv tuaj rau saum npoo hauv daim ntawv crystalline shields.
Cov txheej qis tshaj plaws yog tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb metamorphic zoo li bas alts thiab granulites. Cov txheej bas alt tuaj yeem ncav cuag 20-35 mais.
Oceanic crust
Ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb pob zeb, zais hauv qab dej hiav txwv, hu ua dej hiav txwv. Nws yog thinner thiab yau dua continental. Lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub crust tsis txawm mus txog ob puas lab xyoo, thiab nws thickness yog kwv yees li 7 kilometers.
Cov pob zeb sab av loj yog tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary los ntawm cov seem hauv hiav txwv tob. Hauv qab no yog bas alt txheej 5-6 kilometers tuab. Hauv qab no nws pib lub mantle, sawv cev ntawm no feem ntau yog peridotites thiab dunites.
Txhua puas lab xyoo cov crust tau rov ua dua tshiab. Nws yog absorbed nyob rau hauv subduction zones thiab rov tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv ridges nrog kev pab los ntawm sab nrauv minerals.
