Lub sijhawm xyoo 1649-1775 hauv thaj chaw nruab nrab thiab sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Ukraine muaj Cossack cov tub rog-kev nom kev tswv koom haum, uas tau nqis los hauv keeb kwm raws li cov npe ntawm Zaporizhian Army, lossis Zaporozhian Sich. Cov Cossacks hu lawv tus kheej lub xeev Cossack, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tseeb exaggeration.
Keeb kwm ntawm Cossacks yog rov qab nrog ob qho tib si siv thiab kev ntxeev siab. Ib tug tsis tshua muaj hetman tsis tau dag ntawm tsar, thiab txhua tus neeg ncaj ncees nws txoj kev ntxeev siab los ntawm kev hais lus phem Moscow. Lub koom haum ntawm hetmanship raug tshem tawm los ntawm tsab cai ntawm Catherine II. Lub liquidation ntawm hetmanate nyob rau hauv Ukraine tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv 1764.
History ntawm Zaporozhye Cossacks
Daim duab ntawm Zaporizhzhya Cossack hauv lub siab ntawm ib lub sijhawm tam sim no muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog Taras Bulba los ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm tib lub npe los ntawm NV. Gogol. Hais tias, cov tub rog siab tawv tau sib sau ua ke, sib ntaus sib tua nrog Poles thiab Tatars rau txoj kev ntseeg Orthodox, rau lawv thaj av. Qhov tseeb yeej txawv.
Cov tub rog Cossacktsim los ntawm marginal ntsiab. Cov neeg ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab cov chav kawm, feem ntau raug tsim txom los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, tau khiav mus rau Sich. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Sich yog kev tawm tsam ntawm Tatar thiab Turkish thaj av, thiab nyob rau hauv lawv lub sijhawm dawb los ntawm kev ua tub rog - yos hav zoov thiab nuv ntses.
Thaum lub sijhawm ua tub rog tawm tsam cov Turks thiab Crimean Tatars, Cossacks ib txhij tso cov qhev ntseeg los ntawm kev ua qhev Muslim. Feem ntau cov qhev qub tau koom nrog pab pawg ntawm cov neeg cawm seej.
Cov Cossacks tsis ua raws li cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov xeev nyob sib ze, tab sis txaus siab koom nrog hauv kev ua tub rog ntawm lawv cov neeg zej zog ua tub txib. Detachments ntawm Cossacks tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab, sib ntaus sib tua lub xub pwg nyom nrog cov knights ntawm tus huab tais Polish. Loj detachments ntawm Zaporizhzhya Cossacks tau tas li nyob rau hauv lawv cov tub rog los ntawm Crimean Khan.
Registered Cossacks
Tam sim no, Zaporozhian Sich yog ib feem ntawm Lub Tebchaws, tab sis nws yog ib qho kev ywj pheej thiab nruj heev, nrog rau kev nyiam rau kev tsis ncaj ncees, koom haum. Xyoo 1572, tus huab tais Polish Sigismund II Augustus tau sim ua kom xaus rau Cossack freemen. Ib daim ntawv teev npe ntawm Cossacks tau tsim, ib daim ntawv teev npe banal. Sau npe Cossacks raug suav hais tias yog cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog muaj koob muaj npe, tau txais nyiaj hli, raug zam los ntawm cov se, thiab tau ua haujlwm rau lub kaus mom hetman. Los ntawm 1590, tus naj npawb ntawm cov npe Cossacks tshaj li ib txhiab tus neeg. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsis tau sau npe tau ntau dua.
Nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm tshwj xeeb ambition Cossacks, lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug ntau dua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws hierarchy tau yug los. Cov ntawv thov tau los nag rau huab tais thiab Sejm thov rau txoj haujlwm ntawm knighthoods.thiab muaj cai txaus siab los ntawm cov noob caj noob ces.
Kev sim daws qhov teeb meem los ntawm kev ua nom ua tswv tsis ua tiav. Cov Cossacks txiav txim siab kom tau qhov lawv xav tau los ntawm kev quab yuam ntawm caj npab.
Lub sijhawm ntawm Cossack uprisings
Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub kaum rau rau rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo, mus tas li Cossack riots tawg tawm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, uas cov neeg ua teb txaus siab txhawb. Thaum twg los xij lawv tau npaj los hlawv cov vaj tse thiab tsoo tsev neeg cov tsev fuabtais ntawm cov neeg tsim txom Polish.
Ib qhov kev tawm tsam tsis kawg ntawm kev sau npe Cossacks tau hla dhau thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine. Lawv tshwm sim nyob rau ib ntus ntawm ob peb xyoos, tau loj heev, thiab raug txwv los ntawm cov tub rog huab tais tsis tu ncua.
Kev tawm tsam ntawm Khmelnytsky
Kev tawm tsam coj los ntawm Khmelnitsky tau ua tiav. Tau tshaj tawm thaum pib ntawm kev ntxeev siab tias Cossacks tau tawm tsam tsis yog tawm tsam huab tais lossis Lub Tebchaws, tab sis tawm tsam "cov neeg phem", Bogdan tau tswj hwm kom nyiam cov neeg ua liaj ua teb uas tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog heev. Lub thesis hais tias cov teeb meem ntawm tib neeg los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm Lwm Haiv Neeg - Catholics thiab cov neeg Yudais, muab qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ntseeg.
Tus neeg txawj ntse thiab txawj ntse Khmelnitsky tau sau cov kev txhawb nqa ntawm Crimean Khan: nws tso nws tus tub Timothy nyob rau hauv Horde, thiab nyob rau hauv rov qab tau txais ib tug detachment ntawm plaub txhiab mounted Tatars. Islam Giray kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev qaug zog ntawm lub tebchaws Polish.
Dab tsi cov tub rog Cossack tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav rau ib nrab xyoo pua, cov pawg ua tiav ob peb lub lis piam. Lub hwj chim muaj koob muaj npe nyob rau hauv Ukraine tau cuam tshuam los ntawm nthwv dej ntawm kev npau taws nrov. Polish-Lithuanian Lub Tebchawspw ntawm ko taw ntawm cov neeg ua teb ntxeev siab thiab Cossacks.
Cov kev kawm ntxiv ntawm kev tawm tsam tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tias Khmelnytsky tsis tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej ntawm Ukraine. Nws xav kom yeej rov qab txoj cai ntawm Cossacks los ntawm tus huab tais Polish, zoo ib yam li cov cai ntawm Polish gentry. Tab sis Ukraine tau ntxeev siab tawm tsam Polish txoj cai, thiab kev hloov pauv neeg ua liaj ua teb pib. Khmelnitsky tsis muaj kev xaiv tab sis los ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev ntxeev siab.
Oath to the Russian autocrat
Xyoo 1649, tau kov yeej cov tub rog muaj koob muaj npe nyob ze Zborov, Khmelnytsky tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus nrog Lub Tebchaws, cov kev cai uas tau txais txiaj ntsig rau Cossacks nrog ntau txoj cai. Ukraine tseem yog ib feem ntawm Lub Tebchaws, thiab cov neeg peasants - serfs. Qhov tseeb, los ntawm kev kos npe rau daim ntawv no, nws tau ntxeev siab rau cov uas yeej rau nws.
Kev tsov rog hauv Ukraine tau tshwm sim nrog rov muaj zog dua. Hetman Khmelnytsky raug yuam kom xaus kev koom tes nrog Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Xyoo 1654, hauv Pereyaslavl, cov tub rog Cossack tau cog lus rau Lavxias teb sab Tsar, lees paub nws ua tus kav. Ukraine tau muab faib raws Dnieper rau hauv ob qhov kev tawm tsam: sab laug Lavxias thiab sab xis Polish. Txog rau thaum xyoo pua 18th, cov neeg ua phem thiab tsis paub txog Cossack foremen tsim teeb meem tsis kawg rau tsoomfwv tsarist.
Hetman Khmelnytsky tsis yog tus neeg ncaj ncees, nws tau ua txhaum nws cov lus cog tseg ntau dua ib zaug. Kev tawm tsam rau lub hwj chim tom qab kev tuag ntawm Bogdan, ib tug series ntawm kev ntxeev siab, kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov hetmans ntawm Zaporizhzhya pab tub rog ua rau Russia xav txog kev tshem tawm ntawm hetmanship nyob rau hauv Ukraine.
thawj txwv
Tom qab kev ntxeev siab thiab ya mus rau tebchaws Poland ntawm Ivan Vyhovsky, uas tau txais lub hetman tus mace tom qab kev tuag ntawm B. Khmelnitsky, Yuriy, tus tub ntawm Khmelnitsky, tau tshaj tawm tias hetman. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Pereyaslav Cov Nqe Lus ntawm 1659 tau txais yuav, raws li txoj cai tswj hwm Cossack hetmanship raug xa mus rau cov thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsar. Nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm lub hetman, tsuas yog cov lus txib thiab kev tswj ntawm cov tub rog tau tso tseg. Lub hwj chim hauv lwm thaj chaw ntawm pej xeem lub neej - kev tswj hwm, kev txiav txim siab thiab lwm yam - raug xa mus rau cov nom tswv.
Qhov no yog thawj theem ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm hetmanship thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ywj pheej hauv Ukraine.
Kev ntxeev siab ntawm Hetman Mazepa
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm liquidation ntawm Ukrainian hetmanate, Ivan Mazepa muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb zoo. Xyoo 1687, Hetman Mazepa thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsoomfwv tsarist tau kos npe rau Treaty of Kolomak. Tshaj tawm, daim ntawv cog lus tseg rau Cossack freemen tag nrho cov cai tau muab rau lawv ua ntej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov kev cog lus tseem ceeb txwv lub zog ntawm hetman thiab Cossacks. Txij no mus, yog tsis muaj kev pom zoo los ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsar, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom rov xaiv tus hetman thiab hloov cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Cossack. Ib pab tub rog ntawm Lavxias teb sab archers raug xa mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Hetmanate.
Tom qab kev ntxeev siab ntawm Mazepa thiab nws lub davhlau nrog kev sib cais ntawm Cossacks hauv 1500 bayonets rau Swedish huab tais Charles XII xyoo 1708, tom ntej no hetman I. Skoropadsky tau xyaum los ntawm Peter I. Cov tub ceev xwm hauv tebchaws Russia tau pib xaiv tsa. rau cov tub rog thiab cov haujlwm laus ntawm cov tub rog Cossack. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshem tawm kev tsis txaus ntseeg hauv Ukraine tau nce lub zog.
Txoj Caihetmanate
Nyob rau xyoo 1764, los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Catherine II, Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Me Me ntawm Lavxias, tsim los ntawm Peter I hauv 1722 thiab tshem tawm los ntawm Peter II hauv 1728, tau rov qab los. Lub Empress txuas ntxiv ntxiv dag zog rau txoj kab ntsug ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev thiab coj cov qauv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov autonomies sab nraud mus rau ib daim ntawv dav dav uas sib haum rau cov qauv ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Lub Collegium tau delegated tag nrho cov hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub affairs ntawm sab laug Bank thiab Slobozhanskaya Ukraine, raws li zoo raws li kev tswj ntawm lub zos cov thawj coj. Pawg thawj coj tau coj los ntawm Governor-General P. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. Hetman Razumovsky raug tshem tawm, txoj haujlwm ntawm hetman raug tshem tawm.
Kev tshem tawm ntawm Hetmanship hauv Ukraine los ntawm Catherine thib 2 tau ua tiav.
Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Zaporozhian Sich
1764 yog xyoo ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm kev ua phem hauv Ukraine.
Tom qab muaj yeej hauv kev ua tsov rog nrog Ottoman Empire thiab kos npe rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, Crimean Tatars tuaj nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm Russia. Kev hem thawj ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm Crimean Khanate tau raug tshem tawm. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev poob qis, torn sib nrug los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb sab hauv, Lub Koom Txoos kuj tsis ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau Russia.
Russia tsis xav tau Zaporozhian Cossacks los tiv thaiv sab hnub poob sab hnub poob ntawm lub tebchaws. Zaporizhzhya Sich poob nws cov tub rog thiab kev nom kev tswv.
Tom qab kev tawm tsam loj heev ntawm Yemelyan Pugachev, uas tau koom nrog ib feem ntawm Ural thiab Zaporozhye Cossacks, Catherine II muaj laj thawj zoo los xav txog Zaporizhzhya Cossacks yog qhov muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai.
Manifesto "Nyob rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm Zaporozhian Sich thiab rauattributing nws mus rau lub xeev Novorossiysk "kos npe los ntawm Catherine II rau lub yim hli ntuj 4, 1775.
Cov tub ceev xwm Cossack tau suav nrog Imperial Lavxias teb sab nom tswv. Ordinary Cossacks, suav nrog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Cossacks qub, tau txo qis rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, feem ntau ntawm Cossacks tau rov los nyob hauv Kuban thiab Don.
