Tsis yog txhua tus paub tias mosses yog dab tsi (lub npe ntawm hom, genus). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, los ntawm chav kawm biology hauv tsev kawm ntawv, txhua tus neeg nco txog cuckoo flax lossis sphagnum paub. Qhov tseeb, ib pawg loj loj ntawm cov nroj tsuag no sib txawv kiag li ntawm lwm yam tam sim no. Tsis muaj kev sib txuas lossis kev hloov pauv, cov ntaub ntawv nruab nrab tau pom. Nyob rau hauv lub neej zoo tib yam, tsis tsuas yog cov npe ntawm mosses thiab lichens feem ntau tsis meej pem, tab sis kuj cov nroj tsuag lawv tus kheej, ntsib lawv, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov. Vim li cas ho tsis ua tib zoo saib cov neeg zoo kawg nkaus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.
Mosses yog ib qho ntawm cov nroj tsuag qub tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb
Lub tuam tsev Bryophytes koom ua pawg loj ntawm cov nroj tsuag siab dua, uas muaj txog 25,000 hom. Ntawm cov no, tsuas yog 1,500 hom loj hlob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Qhov kwv yees kwv yees, txij li thaj chaw loj heev ntawm hav zoov hav zoov tseem tsis tau kawm. Muaj txawm tias ib qho kev tshawb fawb cais uas kawm mosses - bryology. Cov fossil qub tshaj plaws hnub rov qab mus rau Carboniferous, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb lees tiaslawv txawm tshwm sim ua ntej lawm. Cov no yog cov nroj tsuag nkaus xwb uas nws evolution yog txuam nrog regressive txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sporophyte. Lawv tseem nyob kaj ntug ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tau ruaj khov nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb cog thiab khaws cia rau hnub no.
Neeg-ob hom los ntawm Bryophytes department tau teev nyob rau hauv "Red Book of Russia": Krylov's Campillium, Orchidium alternate-leaved, Savate's bryoxiphium, Earring thongstromia, Alpine atractylocarpus, Martius 'oreas, Tien Lindbergiaella, luv-tis, Lindbergia Duthier, mamillariella geniculate multidirectional, dosia japanese, gomaliadelphus smoothtooth, necker qaum teb, plagiothecium obtuse, taxiphyllum alternating, actinotuidium Hooker, leptopteryginandrum sab qab teb alpine, hyophila qhwv, japaniajapaniajapanies
yam ntxwv ntawm mosses
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm moss (lub npe Latin yog "bryophyta") thiab Bryophytes yog qhov dav thiab sib sau ntau hom. Yeej, cov no yog cov nroj tsuag uas tsis tshua muaj kev loj hlob los ntawm 1 hli mus rau ob peb centimeters nyob rau hauv qhov siab, tab sis muaj ntau hom uas ncav cuag 60 cm los yog ntau tshaj. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm mosses yog tag nrho tsis muaj ib tug hauv paus system. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog ua los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb outgrowths ntawm epidermis - rhizoids. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, lub cev ntawm moss yog txuas mus rau lub substrate thiab tau txais dej nrog minerals yaj nyob rau hauv nws. Lub voj voog kev ua me nyuam muaj xws li kev sib deev (gametophyte) thiab asexual (sporophyte) tiam. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov cim regressive cuam tshuam lawv rov qab los piv rau lwm cov nroj tsuag hauv ntiaj teb, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv tso cai rau lawv muaj sia nyob hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav tshaj plaws, thaumtag nrho cov seem tuag. Qhov no kuj yog vim lub fact tias lawv pib coj lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub cover ntawm lwm yam nroj tsuag, yog li ntawd lawv yog nruab nrab rau ob qho tib si teeb pom kev zoo thiab tshav kub. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau mosses yog qhov muaj dej noo. Tab sis txawm rau nws tsis muaj, lawv tswj kom yoog raws. Muaj lwm qhov zoo nkauj ntawm mosses - qhov no yog lub peev xwm los poob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev ncua kev ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo. Ntawm no, cov nroj tsuag yuav luag nres tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej. Mosses tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev ncua kev ua yeeb yam rau ntau xyoo lawm, ua tiav muaj sia nyob qhov kub thiab txias, tsis muaj lossis tsis muaj dej noo.
Moss Spread
Cov nroj tsuag no nyiam qhov chaw ntub dej, lawv tau faib yuav luag thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb, tshwj tsis yog cov hiav txwv thiab cov av acidic (saline) heev. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog feem ntau, ntau hom mosses, uas nws cov npe yog qee zaum nyuaj los txhais lus los ntawm Latin, pom nyob rau hauv tundra. Lawv loj hlob qeeb heev (kev loj hlob txhua xyoo ntawm 1-2 hli) yog tias koj noj ib tus neeg cog, tab sis, feem ntau, biomass tseem ceeb heev tau txais.
Qhov tseeb tias mosses nyob yuav luag txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kuj tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov no yog cov nroj tsuag oligotrophic. Lawv tuaj yeem loj hlob txawm nyob rau ntawm qhov meager thiab cov av tsis zoo. Tsiaj txhu, raws li txoj cai, tsis pub mosses. Lawv lub peev xwm los khaws cov dej noo qee zaum ua rau dej nkag ntawm cov av.
Moss reproduction
Cov nroj tsuag no muaj lub voj voog me me. Cov npe ntawm mosses thiab lawv cov kev faib tawm txawv, tab sis lawv txhua tus zoo sib xws. Qhov tseeb tias gametophyte thiab sporophyte tau ua ke hauv ib tsob ntoo. Cov yav tas kuj hu ua asexual tiam. Nws yog sawv cev los ntawm ib lub thawv me me nrog spores, uas yog tsau nyob rau hauv gametophyte nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug sucker ceg. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib deev tiam pib txij thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav germinates. Thaum pib, ib qho filamentous los yog lamellar tsim (protonema) tsim, ntawm cov buds yog nteg, los ntawm uas ces ib tug lamellar thallus los yog stems nrog nplooj loj hlob, nyob ntawm seb hom mosses lawv yog dab tsi. Cov npe ntawm cov kabmob ntawm kev sib deev ntawm cov nroj tsuag siab dua yog paub ntau los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv - cov no yog archegonia thiab antheridia. Cov qub yog cov poj niam cev xeeb tub, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntau dua, nrog rau kev txiav txim Gymnosperms. Antheridia yog txiv neej lub cev muaj nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag siab dua thiab algae.
Kev faib tawm
Cia peb nyob rau hauv kom meej txog cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi mosses. Cov npe ntawm ob chav kawm uas twb muaj lawm yog txawv heev: kab mob siab thiab nplooj. Yav dhau los, Anthocerot mosses kuj tau suav nrog hauv kev faib tawm. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj txog qhov xaus tias cov no yog cov pab pawg sib txawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab txheeb xyuas lawv hauv ib lub tuam tsev tshwj xeeb. Txhua chav kawm muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab yam ntxwv.
Class Liverworts lossis Liverworts: hom mosses, npe thiab duab
Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua hom ntawm cov nroj tsuag no nyob hauv ntau hom gametophytes thiab qhov zoo sib xws ntawm sporophytes. Tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm cov chav kawm yog kwv yees li 300 genera thiab 6,000 hom moss. Lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv tropical huab cua. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm vegetative reproduction.ntau dua lossis tsawg dua qhov tsim ntawm thallus.
Muaj cov tsiaj uas tsis kho nyob rau hauv av lossis ntawm tsob ntoo, piv txwv li, ntab Riccia. Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso, nws muaj nyob rau hauv Far East thiab Ciscaucasia. Qee lub sij hawm nws kuj yog bred hauv thoob dej yug ntses.
Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia, ntau hom marchantia kuj muaj ntau. Qhov no moss hlob nyob rau hauv av. Lub cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag (thallus) muaj daim ntawv ntawm ntau txheej, muaj zog branching phaj thiab ntsuas txog li 10 centimeters. Cov nroj tsuag yog dioecious, thiab lub cev xeeb tub yog muab tso rau saum lub phaj ntawm tshwj xeeb stands nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug kaus.
Cov npe ntawm cov mosses ntawm chav kawm Liverwort yog dab tsi? Peb sau qee yam ntawm lawv: spherocarpus, pallavicinia, symphiogina, merchia, hymenophytum, metzgeria, richcia.
Class Leafy mosses: piv txwv, npe
Nplooj mosses yog cov chav kawm ntau tshaj plaws, uas suav nrog ntau dua 15,000 hom koom ua ke hauv 700 genera. Ntxiv nrog rau lawv qhov kev nplua nuj, lawv kuj muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub plhaub vegetative ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Cov gametophyte hauv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm chav kawm no tuaj yeem loj hlob vertically upwards los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug kab rov tav dav hlau. Nyob ntawm qhov no, lawv tau muab faib ua feem, rau hauv hom orthotropic thiab plagiotropic. Rau kev yooj yim, nplooj mosses tau muab faib ua peb pawg: sphagnum, andreevy, briiye.
Subclass Sphagnum mosses
Txhua tus paub cov moss npe no. Muaj ntau dua 300 hom nroj tsuag suav nrog hauv subclass (40 hom muaj nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws), thiab lawv loj hlob thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj yog heev loj thiab xim dawb-ntsuab, xim av los yog liab. Yeej, hom ntawm cov subclass no tsim cov nroj tsuag ntawm thaj tsam tundra thiab yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov peat deposits.
Lub genus Sphagnum, lossis peat moss, suav nrog 120 hom. Lawv tag nrho cov loj hlob nyob rau hauv swamps, npog lawv nrog ib tug nruam ntaub pua plag. Stems txhua xyoo muab qhov nce ntawm 2-3 cm, thaum qhov qis dua tuag thiab decomposes, tab sis tsis rot. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no feature yog tias carbolic acid yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm moss, uas yog ib tug antiseptic. Cov tuag feem ua peat, tab sis cov txheej txheem no qeeb heev. Yog li, nws tau suav tias 1 meter ntawm qhov tso nyiaj no tsim nyob rau hauv 1,000 xyoo!
Lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab subclass yog kev txom nyem nyob deb nroog. Qhov no moss loj hlob ntawm tsob ntoo, lub npe txawv txawv. Habitat: los ntawm tundra mus rau arctic suab puam cheeb tsam. Txuas rau cov cag ntoo thiab tawv ntoo, nrog rau pob zeb. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv xim av lossis xim ntsuab-xim av, qia loj hlob mus txog 10 centimeters.
Cia peb muab qee lub npe ntawm mosses ntawm genus raws li kev xav: swamp sphagnum, protruding, xim av, Girgenzone, Magellanic, papillose.
Subclass Brium mosses
Cov subclass muaj ntau heev thiab suav nrog ntau dua 14,000 hom, 1,300 uas pom nyob rau hauv Russia. Yeej, cov no yog cov nroj tsuag perennial, ncav cuag qhov ntau thiab tsawg: los ntawm 1 hli mus rau 50 cm hauv qhov siab. Cov xim feem ntau yog ntsuabliab-xim av los yog yuav luag dub. Lawv loj hlob, raws li txoj cai, ntawm cov av, rotten ntoo los yog nplooj. Lawv yeej tsis tuaj yeem sawv cov av qab ntsev. Paub zoo rau txhua leej txhua tus yog xws li cov npe ntawm mosses nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab li kukushkin flax, los yog scientifically zoo tib yam polytrichum, plaub hau brium. Lawv loj hlob nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab nruab nrab ntawm Russia, feem ntau nyob hauv hav zoov.
Subclass Andreevs
Nov yog ib pawg ntawm cov nroj tsuag me me (txog 120 hom) loj hlob hauv huab cua txias (Arctic thiab Antarctic). Lawv tuaj yeem pom ntawm pob zeb thiab pob zeb, uas lawv tsim ib yam dab tsi zoo li cov ntaub qhwv. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov subclass no yog andreya rocky, liab thiab daj splachnum, rosette-shaped rodobrium, grey leucobrium, drooping polya, centipede dicranum. Cov no tsuas yog qee cov mosses xwb. Cov npe thiab cov duab ntawm lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm subclass tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv botanical atlases, qhov twg yuav muab cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog cov genus thiab hom.
Department Anthocerota
Antrocerotes yav dhau los tau suav tias yog mosses thiab sawv tawm hauv chav cais. Tam sim no lawv tau txhais raws li mossy nroj tsuag nrog ib tug thallus zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv cov qauv. Lub thallus yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov duab rosette, nyob rau hauv qab muaj rhizoids. Cov no yog cov neeg nyob hauv tropics, thiab tsuas yog ob peb hom loj hlob nyob rau hauv huab cua sov.
Yuav ua li cas qhia moss los ntawm lichen?
Tib neeg feem ntau tsis meej pem tsis yog tsuas yog cov npe ntawm mosses thiab lichens, tab sis kuj lawv cov tsos. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog qhov tom kawg yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag qis uas tau tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb ua ntej tshaj li mosses. Ib txhialichens txawm muaj lub npe uas qhia ncaj qha mus rau ib pawg sib txawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Piv txwv li, oak moss, Irish moss, mos mos moss. Cov npe qub tau khaws cia, tab sis lawv tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog Bryophytes department nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab. Oakmoss muaj lub npe zoo nkauj tshawb fawb Evernia Plum. Yog tias koj saib ntawm daim duab, nws yuav pom tseeb tias qhov no yog lichen. Nws loj hlob, raws li lub npe qhia, ntawm cov ntoo qhib ntoo, nrog rau qee cov nroj tsuag coniferous.
Lub cev ntawm lichens yog ib qho kev sib txuam ntawm algae thiab fungus. Lawv tsis muaj cov hauv paus hniav, thiab mosses muaj lawv qhov zoo li - rhizoids. Txhawm rau muab nws yooj yim dua, lub cev ntawm lichen yog zoo li lub qhaub cij: ib qho fungus nyob rau sab saum toj thiab hauv qab, thiab algae nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, uas nqa tawm cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis. Lub substrate uas cov lichen txuas nrog (feem ntau cov ntoo) raug rhuav tshem los ntawm kev ua ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb acid secreted los ntawm fungi. Ntxiv mus, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom puas tsuaj txawm pob zeb. Yog li ntawd, cov nroj tsuag no muaj teeb meem heev. Yog li, thaum lawv tshwm sim, piv txwv li, ntawm cov ntoo txiv ntoo, lawv tsuas rhuav tshem cov tawv ntoo. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, lichens yog qhov qhia txog qhov purity ntawm huab cua, vim tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem zam cov pa phem kiag li.
ferns thiab mosses zoo li cas?
Ferns hauv cov ntsiab lus evolutionary yog ib kauj ruam siab dua mosses. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv muaj lub vascular conducting system, los ntawm cov dej thiab cov zaub mov yaj hauv nws nkag mus rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. Lawv paub ntau dua rau tib neeg thiab pom nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv hav zoov. Shield thiabbracken yog cov npe nrov. Mosses thiab ferns tseem koom ua ke los ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb zoo sib xws: ob qho tib si ntawm lawv cov me nyuam tsis yog los ntawm cov noob, tab sis los ntawm spores. Ntawd yog, muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm kev sib deev thiab kev sib deev tiam (sporophyte thiab gametophyte). Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv feem ntau yog cov neeg nyob ze hauv lawv qhov chaw nyob, vim lawv ob leeg nyiam qhov ntxoov ntxoo thiab cov av noo siab.
Meaning of mosses
Mosses nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj yog cov pioneers, lawv yog thawj zaug nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam uas nws huab cua tej zaum kuj tsis haum rau lwm yam nroj tsuag. Cov nroj tsuag no yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho biosphere tag nrho. Mosses tsim tshwj xeeb biocenoses hauv tundra, npog hauv av nrog cov ntaub pua plag txuas ntxiv.
Lawv muaj peev xwm hais tau zoo khaws cov dej noo, cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem txhais tau los ntawm ob sab. Los ntawm thawj qhov kev pom, lawv tswj cov dej sib npaug hauv cov av, thiab los ntawm qhov pom thib ob, lawv ua rau cov dej nkag ntawm hav zoov, nyom thiab thaj av ua liaj ua teb.
Sphagnum moss yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm peat deposits, uas yog dav siv los ua roj, khoom siv rau kev tsim kho thiab kev ua liaj ua teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee hom yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj, raws li lawv muaj antibacterial thaj chaw. Tab sis kev tsim ntawm sphagnum thiab hypnum bogs kuj tseem ceeb rau tag nrho cov ecosystem tag nrho. Qhov no yog qhov chaw ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ntau tsob ntoo thiab cov nroj tsuag herbaceous, lub tsev rau ntau yam tsiaj qus thiab noog. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, lub swamp yog ib yam zoo li lub reservoir ntawm cov dej tshiab. Tom qab tag nrho, zoo li daim txhuam cev, absorbing tag nrho cov nag lossis daus, nws mam li maj mam tso dej noo rau hauv av mus rau cov kwj me me uas ntws los ntawm nws. Lub swamp ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus tswj dej noo nyob ib puag ncig.
