Lub npe nrov tshaj plaws semiconductor yog silicon (Si). Tab sis dhau ntawm nws, muaj ntau lwm tus. Ib qho piv txwv yog tej yam ntuj tso khoom semiconductor xws li zinc blende (ZnS), cuprite (Cu2O), galena (PbS) thiab ntau lwm tus. Cov tsev neeg semiconductor, suav nrog cov chaw soj nstuam-synthesized semiconductors, yog ib chav kawm ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv paub txog tib neeg.
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm semiconductors
Ntawm 104 lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm, 79 yog hlau, 25 yog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, ntawm 13 cov tshuaj muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab 12 yog dielectric. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm semiconductors yog tias lawv cov hluav taws xob conductivity nce ntau nrog qhov kub thiab txias. Thaum qhov kub thiab txias lawv coj zoo li dielectrics, thiab thaum kub kub lawv coj zoo li cov conductors. Qhov no yog li cas semiconductors txawv ntawm cov hlau: cov hlau tsis kam nce nyob rau hauv kev faib ua feem rau qhov kub thiab txias.
Lwm qhov txawv ntawm ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov hlau yog qhov tsis kam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.ntog nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub teeb, thaum lub tom kawg tsis cuam tshuam rau cov hlau. Cov conductivity ntawm semiconductors kuj hloov thaum me me ntawm impurity yog qhia.
Semiconductors muaj nyob hauv cov tshuaj sib xyaw nrog ntau yam qauv siv lead ua. Cov no tuaj yeem yog cov khoom xws li silicon thiab selenium, lossis binary compounds xws li gallium arsenide. Ntau cov organic tebchaw, xws li polyacetylene (CH) n, yog cov khoom siv semiconductor. Qee cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nthuav tawm cov hlau nplaum (Cd1-x MnxTe) lossis ferroelectric zog (SbSI). Lwm tus uas muaj doping txaus ua superconductors (GeTe thiab SrTiO 3). Ntau qhov tsis ntev los no pom qhov kub thiab txias superconductors muaj cov theem uas tsis yog xim hlau semiconducting. Piv txwv li, La2CuO4 yog ib qho semiconductor, tab sis thaum alloyed nrog Sr nws dhau los ua superconductor (La1-x Srx)2CuO4.
Physics phau ntawv txhais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm 10-4 rau 107 Ohm·m. Lwm lub ntsiab txhais kuj ua tau. Qhov sib txawv ntawm ib lub semiconductor yog los ntawm 0 mus rau 3 eV. Cov hlau thiab semimetals yog cov khoom siv nrog xoom lub zog sib txawv, thiab cov khoom uas nws tshaj 3 eV hu ua insulators. Tseem muaj kev zam. Piv txwv li, semiconductor pob zeb diamond muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm 6 eV, semi-insulating GaAs - 1.5 eV. GaN, cov khoom siv rau cov khoom siv optoelectronic hauv cheeb tsam xiav, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm 3.5 eV.
Energy gap
Lub valence orbitals ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua lattice tau muab faib ua ob pawg ntawm lub zog theem - thaj chaw dawb nyob rau theem siab tshaj plaws thiab txiav txim siab cov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm semiconductors, thiab valence band nyob hauv qab no. Cov theem no, nyob ntawm seb qhov sib luag ntawm cov siv lead ua lattice thiab qhov sib xyaw ntawm atoms, tuaj yeem sib tshuam lossis nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm ib leeg. Hauv qhov kawg, qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog lossis, hauv lwm lo lus, thaj tsam txwv tsis pub tshwm sim ntawm thaj chaw.
Qhov chaw thiab sau cov qib txiav txim siab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov khoom yog muab faib ua conductors, insulators thiab semiconductors. Lub semiconductor bandgap dav txawv nyob rau hauv 0.01-3 eV, lub zog sib txawv ntawm lub dielectric tshaj 3 eV. Cov hlau tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog vim qhov sib tshooj.
Semiconductors thiab dielectrics, sib piv rau cov hlau, muaj cov valence band uas muaj electrons, thiab qhov ze tshaj plaws dawb band, los yog conduction band, yog fenced tawm ntawm lub valence band los ntawm lub zog sib txawv - thaj tsam ntawm txwv electron energies.
Hauv dielectrics, thermal zog lossis qhov hluav taws xob tsis tseem ceeb tsis txaus los ua kom dhia hla qhov sib txawv, cov hluav taws xob tsis nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Lawv tsis muaj peev xwm txav tau raws li cov iav siv lead ua thiab ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Txhawm rau ua kom lub zog hluav taws xob zoo, ib qho hluav taws xob ntawm qib valence yuav tsum tau muab lub zog uas yuav txaus los kov yeej lub zogqhov sib txawv. Tsuas yog thaum absorbing ib tug npaum li cas ntawm lub zog tsis tsawg tshaj li tus nqi ntawm lub zog sib txawv, lub electron yuav txav los ntawm lub valence theem mus rau theem conduction.
Yog tias qhov dav ntawm lub zog sib txawv tshaj 4 eV, excitation ntawm semiconductor conductivity los ntawm irradiation los yog cua sov yog xyaum tsis yooj yim sua - lub zog excitation ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv lub melting kub yog tsis txaus dhia mus rau hauv lub zog sib txawv cheeb tsam. Thaum rhuab, lub crystal yuav yaj kom txog thaum hluav taws xob conduction tshwm sim. Cov khoom no suav nrog quartz (dE=5.2 eV), pob zeb diamond (dE=5.1 eV), ntau ntsev.
Impurity thiab intrinsic conductivity ntawm semiconductors
Ntshiab semiconductor crystals muaj lawv tus kheej conductivity. Xws li semiconductors hu ua intrinsic. Ib qho khoom siv semiconductor muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov thiab cov hluav taws xob dawb. Thaum rhuab, qhov intrinsic conductivity ntawm semiconductors nce. Ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tas li, lub xeev ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug tshwm sim hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob-lub qhov ua ke thiab cov xov tooj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab qhov sib txuas, uas nyob tas li raws li cov xwm txheej tau muab.
Qhov muaj impurities muaj feem cuam tshuam rau hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm semiconductors. Ntxiv rau lawv ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv nrog rau qhov me me ntawm lub qhov thiab ua kom muaj cov qhov nrog me me ntawm cov hluav taws xob nyob rau theem conduction. Impurity semiconductors yog conductors nrog impurity conductivity.
Impurities uas yooj yim pub electrons yog hu ua pub dawb impurities. Tus pub impurities tuaj yeem yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg nrog cov atoms uas nws cov qib valence muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua li cov atom ntawm cov khoom hauv paus. Piv txwv li, phosphorus thiab bismuth yog silicon pub impurities.
Lub zog xav tau los dhia ib qho hluav taws xob mus rau hauv cheeb tsam conduction hu ua lub zog ua kom muaj zog. Impurity semiconductors xav tau tsawg dua ntawm nws dua li cov khoom siv hauv paus. Nrog me ntsis cua sov los yog illumination, nws yog feem ntau cov electrons ntawm lub atoms ntawm impurity semiconductors uas tso tawm. Qhov chaw ntawm electron tawm hauv lub atom yog nyob ntawm lub qhov. Tab sis lub recombination ntawm electrons rau hauv qhov xyaum tsis tshwm sim. Lub qhov conductivity ntawm tus pub yog negligible. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov me me ntawm impurity atoms tsis pub dawb electrons feem ntau mus rau hauv lub qhov thiab nyob nws. Cov hluav taws xob nyob ze ntawm lub qhov, tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau lawv vim muaj lub zog tsis txaus.
Tsis tseem ceeb ntxiv ntawm tus neeg pub khoom tsis huv los ntawm ntau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj me ua rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua piv rau cov hluav taws xob dawb hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov hluav taws xob ntawm no yog cov nqa khoom tseem ceeb ntawm atoms ntawm impurity semiconductors. Cov tshuaj no raug cais raws li n-hom semiconductors.
Impurities uas khi cov electrons ntawm ib lub semiconductor, ua kom cov qhov nyob hauv nws, hu ua txais. Txais cov impurities yog cov khoom siv tshuaj nrog tsawg dua electrons ntawm qib valence dua li lub hauv paus semiconductor. Boron, gallium, indium - txaisimpurities rau silicon.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub semiconductor nyob ntawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv nws cov qauv siv lead ua. Qhov no yog vim li cas rau qhov yuav tsum tau loj hlob tsis tshua muaj neeg ntshiab crystals. Lub semiconductor conductivity tsis yog tswj los ntawm kev ntxiv dopants. Silicon crystals yog doped nrog phosphorus (subgroup V keeb), uas yog tus pub, los tsim ib qho n-hom silicon crystal. Yuav kom tau txais ib lub siv lead ua nrog lub qhov conductivity, ib tug boron txais yuav nkag rau hauv silicon. Semiconductors nrog rau qib Fermi them nyiaj kom txav mus rau nruab nrab ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib qho zoo sib xws.
Single cell semiconductors
Cov khoom siv feem ntau yog, tau kawg, silicon. Ua ke nrog germanium, nws tau los ua tus qauv rau cov chav kawm dav ntawm semiconductors nrog cov qauv siv lead ua zoo sib xws.
Cov qauv ntawm Si thiab Ge crystals yog tib yam li pob zeb diamond thiab α-tin. Nyob rau hauv nws, txhua lub atom yog surrounded los ntawm 4 ze tshaj atoms, uas tsim ib tug tetrahedron. Qhov kev sib koom tes no hu ua quadruple. Tetra-bonded crystals tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no. Qee lub ntsiab lus ntawm pawg V thiab VI ntawm lub rooj zaum tseem yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv ntawm semiconductors ntawm hom no yog phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), selenium (Se) thiab tellurium (Te). Nyob rau hauv cov semiconductors, atoms muaj peev xwm muaj peb-fold (P), ob-fold (S, Se, Te) los yog plaub-fold coordination. Yog li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv ntau qhov sib txawvsiv lead ua qauv, thiab kuj tau txais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm iav. Piv txwv li, Se tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv monoclinic thiab trigonal siv lead ua qauv los yog iav (uas tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog polymer).
- Pob zeb diamond muaj cov thermal conductivity zoo heev, zoo heev mechanical thiab optical yam ntxwv, siab txhua yam muaj zog. Zog sib txawv dav - dE=5.47 eV.
- Silicon yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob siv nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci hlwb thiab hauv amorphous daim ntawv hauv nyias zaj duab xis hnub ci. Nws yog cov khoom siv semiconductor tshaj plaws hauv lub hnub ci, yooj yim los tsim, thiab muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab. dE=1.12 eV.
- Germanium yog ib qho semiconductor siv hauv gamma spectroscopy, ua haujlwm siab photovoltaic hlwb. Siv nyob rau hauv thawj diodes thiab transistors. Yuav tsum tau ntxuav tsawg dua silicon. dE=0.67 eV.
- Selenium yog ib qho khoom siv semiconductor uas yog siv rau hauv selenium rectifiers, uas muaj hluav taws xob ua haujlwm siab thiab muaj peev xwm kho tus kheej.
Ob lub ntsiab lus
Cov khoom ntawm semiconductors tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm 3rd thiab 4th pawg ntawm lub sijhawm lub sijhawm zoo ib yam li cov khoom ntawm cov khoom ntawm pawg 4th. Hloov los ntawm pawg 4 cov ntsiab lus mus rau 3-4 gr. ua rau cov ntawv cog lus ib nrab ionic vim kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob los ntawm atom ntawm pawg 3 mus rau atom ntawm pawg 4. Ionicity hloov cov khoom ntawm semiconductors. Nws yog vim li cas rau qhov nce hauv Coulomb interion kev sib cuam tshuam thiab lub zog ntawm lub zog band sib txawvelectron qauv. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm binary compound ntawm hom no yog indium antimonide InSb, gallium arsenide GaAs, gallium antimonide GaSb, indium phosphide InP, aluminium antimonide AlSb, gallium phosphide GaP.
Ionicity nce, thiab nws tus nqi loj hlob ntau dua hauv cov tshuaj ntawm pawg 2-6, xws li cadmium selenide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, zinc selenide. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau cov tebchaw ntawm pawg 2-6 muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov dav dua 1 eV, tshwj tsis yog cov mercury tebchaw. Mercury telluride yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog, ib qho semimetal, zoo li α-tin.
Pab pawg 2-6 semiconductors nrog lub zog loj sib txawv yog siv los tsim cov lasers thiab cov lus qhia. Kev sib txuas binary ntawm 2-6 pawg nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog nqaim yog tsim rau cov neeg txais infrared. binary compounds ntawm pawg 1–7 (tooj liab bromide CuBr, nyiaj iodide AgI, tooj liab chloride CuCl) vim lawv siab ionicity muaj ib tug band sib txawv wider tshaj 3 eV. Lawv yeej tsis yog semiconductors, tab sis insulators. Qhov nce hauv lub zog ntawm lub zog ntawm cov siv lead ua los ntawm Coulomb interionic kev sib cuam tshuam ua rau cov txheej txheem ntawm pob zeb ntsev atoms nrog rau 6 npaug ntau dua li kev sib koom ua ke quadratic. Cov tshuaj ntawm pawg 4-6 - lead sulfide thiab telluride, tin sulfide - kuj yog semiconductors. Lub degree ntawm ionicity ntawm cov tshuaj no kuj pab tsim kom muaj kev sib koom tes ntawm 6-fold. Qhov tseem ceeb ionicity tsis tiv thaiv lawv kom tsis txhob muaj qhov khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob. Gallium nitride - ib qho chaw ntawm 3-5 pawg nrog lub zog sib txawv, tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv semiconductorlasers thiab LEDs ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub xiav ib feem ntawm lub spectrum.
- GaAs, gallium arsenide, yog qhov thib ob feem ntau siv semiconductor tom qab silicon, feem ntau yog siv los ua substrate rau lwm yam conductors xws li GaInNAs thiab InGaAs, nyob rau hauv IR diodes, high-frequency microcircuits thiab transistors, high-efficiency solar cells., laser diodes, detectors nuclear kho. dE=1.43 eV, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nce lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv piv rau silicon. Fragile, muaj ntau impurities, nyuaj rau manufacture.
- ZnS, zinc sulfide - zinc ntsev ntawm hydrosulfide acid nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm 3.54 thiab 3.91 eV, siv hauv lasers thiab ua phosphor.
- SnS, tin sulfide - semiconductor siv hauv photoresistors thiab photodiodes, dE=1, 3 thiab 10 eV.
Oxides
Hlau oxides feem ntau yog cov insulators zoo heev, tab sis muaj kev zam. Piv txwv ntawm semiconductors ntawm hom no yog npib tsib xee oxide, tooj liab oxide, cob alt oxide, tooj liab dioxide, hlau oxide, europium oxide, zinc oxide. Txij li tooj liab dioxide tshwm sim raws li cov ntxhia cuprite, nws cov khoom tau raug tshawb fawb ntau. Cov txheej txheem rau kev loj hlob semiconductors ntawm hom no tseem tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho, yog li lawv daim ntawv thov tseem txwv. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog zinc oxide (ZnO), ib pab pawg 2-6 compound siv los ua cov hloov pauv thiab hauv kev tsim cov nplaum nplaum thiab plasters.
Qhov xwm txheej hloov pauv sai heev tom qab pom cov khoom siv hluav taws xob superconductivity hauv ntau lub tebchaw ntawm tooj liab nrog oxygen. Ua ntejLub high-temperature superconductor nrhiav tau los ntawm Müller thiab Bednorz yog ib tug compound raws li ib tug semiconductor La2CuO4 nrog lub zog sib txawv ntawm 2 eV. Los ntawm kev hloov cov trivalent lanthanum nrog divalent barium los yog strontium, qhov tus nqi thauj khoom tau nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom siv semiconductor. Mus txog qhov xav tau qhov xav tau ntawm qhov hloov La2CuO4 mus rau hauv lub superconductor. Tam sim no, qhov kev hloov pauv siab tshaj plaws rau lub xeev superconducting belongs rau cov compound HgBaCa2Cu3O8.. Thaum lub siab siab, nws tus nqi yog 134 K.
ZnO, zinc oxide, yog siv rau hauv varistors, xiav LEDs, roj sensors, biological sensors, qhov rai txheej los cuam tshuam lub teeb infrared, ua tus neeg xyuas pib hauv LCDs thiab hnub ci vaj huam sib luag. dE=3.37 eV.
Layer crystals
ob lub tebchaw xws li txhuas diiodide, gallium selenide thiab molybdenum disulfide yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov txheej txheem siv lead ua. Covalent daim ntawv cog lus ntawm lub zog tseem ceeb hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, muaj zog ntau dua li van der Waals bonds ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg lawv tus kheej. Semiconductors ntawm hom no yog nthuav nyob rau hauv uas electrons coj quasi-ob-dimensionally nyob rau hauv txheej. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog hloov los ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm txawv teb chaws atoms - intercalation.
MoS2, molybdenum disulfide yog siv nyob rau hauv high-frequency detectors, rectifiers, memristors, transistors. dE=1.23 and 1.8 eV.
YOrganic semiconductors
Piv txwv ntawm semiconductors raws li cov organic tebchaw - naphthalene, polyacetylene(CH2) , anthracene, polydiacetylene, phthalocyanides, polyvinylcarbazole. Organic semiconductors muaj qhov zoo dua li inorganic sawv daws yuav: nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau muab cov khoom zoo rau lawv. Cov tshuaj nrog cov sib txuas sib txuas ntawm -С=С - С=hom muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tsis sib xws thiab, vim qhov no, yog siv hauv optoelectronics. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub zog tsis tu ncua ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov organic semiconductors tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev hloov cov qauv sib xyaw, uas yooj yim dua li cov pa semiconductors. Crystalline allotropes ntawm carbon fullerene, graphene, nanotubes kuj yog semiconductors.
- Fullerene muaj cov qauv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub convex kaw polyhedron ntawm ib tug txawm tus naj npawb ntawm carbon atoms. Thiab doping fullerene C60 nrog alkali hlau hloov nws mus rau hauv superconductor.
- Graphene yog tsim los ntawm monatomic txheej ntawm carbon txuas rau hauv ob sab hexagonal lattice. Nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv thermal conductivity thiab electron txav, siab rigidity
- Nanotubes yog graphite daim hlau dov rau hauv ib lub raj, muaj ob peb nanometers hauv txoj kab uas hla. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov pa roj no tau cog lus zoo hauv nanoelectronics. Tej zaum yuav muaj cov khoom siv hlau lossis cov khoom siv semi-conductive nyob ntawm kev sib txuas.
Sib nqus semiconductors
Cov tshuaj sib nqus nrog cov hlau nplaum europium thiab manganese ions muaj cov khoom sib nqus thiab cov khoom siv semiconductor. Piv txwv ntawm semiconductors ntawm hom no yog europium sulfide, europium selenide, thiab cov kev daws teeb meem zoo liCd1-xMnxTe. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm magnetic ions cuam tshuam li cas cov khoom sib nqus xws li antiferromagnetism thiab ferromagnetism tshwm sim hauv cov khoom. Semimagnetic semiconductors yog cov khoom sib nqus sib nqus ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas muaj cov hlau nplaum sib nqus hauv ib qho me me. Cov kev daws teeb meem zoo li no nyiam mloog vim lawv cov lus cog tseg thiab muaj peev xwm zoo rau kev siv tau. Piv txwv li, tsis zoo li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis sib nqus, lawv tuaj yeem ua tiav ib lab zaus ntau dua Faraday rotation.
Qhov muaj zog magneto-optical teebmeem ntawm cov hlau nplaum semiconductors ua rau nws siv tau rau kev kho qhov muag. Perovskites zoo li Mn0, 7Ca0, 3O3, tshaj cov hlau- ib qho semiconductor, qhov ncaj dependence ntawm uas nyob rau hauv magnetic teb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub phenomenon ntawm loj magnetoresistance. Lawv tau siv hauv xov tooj cua engineering, cov khoom siv kho qhov muag uas tswj tau los ntawm cov chaw sib nqus, hauv waveguides ntawm cov khoom siv microwave.
YSemiconductor ferroelectrics
Hom crystals no yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov muaj lub sijhawm hluav taws xob hauv lawv thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kheej polarization. Piv txwv li, semiconductors xws li lead titanate PbTiO3, barium titanate BaTiO3, germanium telluride GeTe, tin telluride SnTe, uas nyob rau hauv qis kub muaj zog. ferroelectric. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog siv nyob rau hauv non-linear optical, nco thiab piezo sensors.
Ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor
Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj nosemiconductor tshuaj, muaj ntau lwm yam uas tsis poob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov npe teev. Kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus raws li cov qauv 1-3-5 2 (AgGaS 2) thiab 2-4-5 2 (ZnSiP 2) tsim cov muaju hauv cov qauv chalcopyrite. Cov ntawv cog lus ntawm cov tebchaw yog tetrahedral, zoo ib yam li semiconductors ntawm pawg 3-5 thiab 2-6 nrog cov qauv siv lead ua ntawm zinc blende. Cov tebchaw uas tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm semiconductors ntawm pawg 5 thiab 6 (xws li As 2 Se 3) yog semiconductor hauv daim ntawv siv lead ua lossis iav.. Bismuth thiab antimony chalcogenides yog siv nyob rau hauv semiconductor thermoelectric generators. Cov khoom ntawm semiconductors ntawm hom no yog qhov nthuav heev, tab sis lawv tsis tau muaj koob meej vim lawv daim ntawv thov txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb tias lawv muaj nyob tau lees paub qhov muaj nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm semiconductor physics uas tseem tsis tau tshawb pom tag nrho.
