Roj refining thiab petrochemistry tau ntsib lawv txoj kev loj hlob sai hauv peb caug xyoo dhau los. Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov khoom ntawm kev ua ntawm qhov chaw ntawm hydrocarbons accounted rau ntau tshaj 50% ntawm tag nrho cov tsim ntawm organic tebchaw, kwv yees li 1/3 ntawm zus tau tej cov tag nrho cov tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim khoom
Vim li cas cov roj refining thiab petrochemical kev lag luam ua tiav? Nws qhov Scope yog dab tsi? Cia peb nyob ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb no rau peb lub teb chaws kom ntxaws ntxiv. Ntawm cov kev txhim kho tseem ceeb, cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- nce lub peev xwm ntawm kev teeb tsa;
- txhim kho cov khoom siv txuag;
- txo nqi hluav taws xob los ntawm kev rov qab;
- siv cov khoom siv tshiab.
Hais txog qhov ntsuas, roj refining thiab petrochemistry nyob qib 19 hauv ntiaj teb. Nws lub hom phiaj yog los tsim ntau hom roj (aviation, automotive), nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv raw rau theem tshuaj synthesis.
Cov txheej txheem rov ua dua
Refining thiab petrochemicals hauv thawj refining tsis cuam tshuam nrog tshuaj hloov pauv. Tsuas yog kev sib cais ntawm lub cev ntawm qhov chaw ntawm hydrocarbons rau hauv cov feem sib cais yog xav.
Thaum lub sijhawm npaj, cov roj nkag mus rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, qhov chaw uas nws tau ntxuav los ntawm ntau yam khoom tsis huv. Dissolved lub teeb hydrocarbons raug tshem tawm los ntawm nws, thiab ces cov roj yog lub cev qhuav dej ntawm tshwj xeeb installations (ELOU).
Atmospheric distillation
Roj refining thiab petrochemistry yog raws li cov txheej txheem no. Cov ntxhia mus rau cov kab distillation, qhov uas nws tau muab cais ntawm atmospheric siab mus rau hauv ib feem: hnyav thiab lub teeb roj av, diesel, kerosene, thiab kuj mus rau hauv roj roj. Txij li cov khoom tau txais thaum lub sij hawm distillation tsis ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau tsim rau cov khoom siv roj av, tom qab (secondary) processing tshwm sim.
Nqus distillation
Technical lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm petrochemistry thiab roj refining muaj kev paub txog cov tub ntxhais kawm nrog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov txheej txheem. Piv txwv li, lub tshuab nqus tsev distillation yog qhov distillation ntawm feem ntawm cov roj roj uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov roj paraffins, roj, lub cev muaj zog, thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm petrochemical synthesis. Raws li ib yam khoom, tar yog tsim, uas yog siv rau zus tau tej cov bitumen.
txheej txheem thib ob
Lawv tau tsim los ua kom cov roj tsheb ntau ntxiv, cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm hydrocarbons. ATnyob ntawm qhov kev taw qhia, tag nrho cov txheej txheem thib ob tau muab faib ua peb hom:
- deepening: thermal thiab catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, qeeb coking, bitumen ntau lawm;
- kho dua tshiab: hydrotreating, hloov kho, isomerization;
- lwm yam: alkylation, roj ntau lawm, aromatics ntau lawm
Nyob rau hauv catalytic cracking, cov khoom siv raw yog lub tshuab nqus tsev lossis cov roj cua hauv huab cua. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem yog kev sib cais ntawm cov molecules ntawm hnyav hydrocarbons, vim hais tias nws muaj peev xwm tau txais ib tug pentane-hexane feem (gasoline), thiab cov seem - roj roj.
Hydrocracking ntau tshaj ntawm hydrogen splits hydrocarbon molecules. Cov khoom yog roj diesel.
Isomerization tsim cov ntaub ntawv raw rau kev tsim tshuaj: isopentane, isoprene, nrog rau high-octane Cheebtsam ntawm lub cev muaj zog roj av.
kev coj zoo
"Oil refining and petrochemistry" - ib phau ntawv xov xwm luam tawm txij li xyoo 1966 txhua hli los ntawm "TsNIITEneftekhim". Nws yog ib phau ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb uas tau mob siab rau ntau yam kev ua tiav, nrog rau kev txhais lus ntawm kev paub ntau lawm. Cov ntawv luam tawm no tau sau npe nrog Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam ntawm Lavxias Federation rau Luam Ntawv, muaj daim ntawv pov thawj sau npe No. 016079 ntawm 1997-07-05. Phau ntawv journal tau suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm VAK (Cov npe ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb zoo tshaj plaws uas tau luam tawm hauv lub tebchaws uas cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshaj tawm rau qib kws kho mob ntawm Science tau nthuav tawm).
Bnws muaj cov feeb ntawm cov rooj sib tham uas tuav los ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Koom Haum ntawm Cov Roj Refiners thiab Petrochemists, cov lus ceeb toom uas tau nthuav tawm ntawm ntau lub rooj sib tham thiab kev sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb txog cov teeb meem ntawm cov roj refining thiab petrochemistry.
Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm kev lag luam muaj kev txaus siab rau qee yam teeb meem ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm tshwj xeeb, hauv kev npaj uas (raws li kev cog lus) cov neeg lag luam koom nrog.
Kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kws tshaj lij
Nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws, muaj ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv uas cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij rau kev lag luam tshuaj. Yog li, Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci ntawm Petrochemistry thiab Roj Refining hauv Nizhnekamsk tau tsim tshwj xeeb los qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm rau Nizhnekamsk Petrochemical Cog ntawm Ministry of Petrochemical thiab Roj Refining Kev Lag Luam ntawm lub tebchaws xyoo 1964.
Tam sim no, lub tsev kawm ntawv no tau cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm rau kev tsim cov tshuaj inorganic, txheej txheem compressor thiab twj tso kua mis, instrumentation thiab automation fitters, roj refining tswv, locksmiths, welder, txheej txheem compressor thiab twj tso kua mis, turners- generalists, kuaj. pab-analysts.
Summarize
Tam sim no, roj tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog lub neej ntawm ib tug neeg niaj hnub uas tsis muaj ntau yam khoom tau los ntawm xws li cov ntxhia: roj av, kerosene,Petroleum jelly, plastics, organic solvents.
Roj noj tau nce tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws nyob rau lub xyoo pua xeem kawg. Niaj hnub no, 2/3 ntawm tag nrho cov tsim hluav taws xob yog los ntawm roj thiab roj. Ntxiv nrog rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam organic tebchaw, roj kuj tau siv los ntawm tib neeg los kho qee yam kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Thaum tig ntawm 20th thiab 21st centuries, lub combustion engine tshwm sim, uas lub ntsiab roj yog roj av. Qhov no tau ua rau muaj kev nthuav dav tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj petrochemical, kev qhia txog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab.
Ntau xyoo dhau los, txoj hauv kev rau kev siv roj tau hloov pauv loj hauv peb lub tebchaws. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau nws txoj kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, uas tso cai rau kev siv cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li no.
