Yog tias peb piv cov lus paub zoo "kev txav yog lub neej", nws yuav pom tseeb tias txhua qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov teeb meem nyob - kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov as-ham, ua pa - yog, qhov tseeb, kev txav ntawm atoms. thiab molecules uas ua rau lub cell. Cov txheej txheem no puas ua tau yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm lub zog? Tsis tau.
Lub cev nyob qhov twg, xws li cov kab mob loj heev xws li xiav whale lossis American sequoia, mus rau cov kab mob ultramicroscopic, kos lawv cov khoom siv?
Biochemistry tau pom cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no. Adenosine triphosphoric acid yog cov khoom siv dav siv los ntawm txhua tus neeg nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav xav txog cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm ATP hauv ntau pawg ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb yuav txiav txim siab seb cov organelles twg yog lub luag haujlwm rau nws cov synthesis hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu.
Discovery keeb kwm
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, hauv chav kuaj mob ntawm Harvard Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kho Mob, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, uas yog Subbaris, Loman thiab Friske, nrhiav tau ib qho chaw ze rau hauv cov qauv rau adenyl.ribonucleic acid nucleotide. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis muaj ib qho, tab sis ntau npaum li peb phosphate acid residues txuas nrog monosaccharide ribose. Ob xyoos tom qab, F. Lipman, kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm ATP, tau lees paub qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb tias cov khoom siv no muaj zog. Txij thaum ntawd los, biochemists muaj lub sijhawm zoo kom paub meej nrog cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj no uas tshwm sim hauv lub cell. Tom qab ntawd, ib qho tseem ceeb compound tau pom: ib qho enzyme - ATP synthase, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov kua qaub molecules hauv mitochondria. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab seb ATP ua haujlwm li cas, cia saib seb cov txheej txheem twg tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob muaj sia tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov tshuaj no.
Forms of existence of zog in biological systems
Muaj ntau yam kev tshwm sim tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob xav tau ntau hom zog uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv mus rau ib leeg. Cov no suav nrog cov txheej txheem siv tshuab (kev txav ntawm cov kab mob thiab protozoa, kev cog lus ntawm myofibrils hauv cov leeg nqaij), biochemical synthesis. Daim ntawv teev npe no kuj suav nrog cov hluav taws xob impulses uas ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab inhibition, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermal uas tswj lub cev kub tsis tu ncua hauv cov tsiaj ntshav sov thiab tib neeg. Lub luminescent ci ntsa iab ntawm marine plankton, qee cov kab thiab cov ntses tob hauv hiav txwv kuj yog hom lub zog tsim los ntawm lub cev muaj sia.
Tag nrho cov xwm txheej saum toj no tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob lom neeg tsis tuaj yeem tsis muaj ATP molecules, uas nws lub luag haujlwm yog khaws cialub zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm macroergic bonds. Lawv tshwm sim ntawm adenyl nucleoside thiab phosphate acid residues.
lub zog cellular tuaj qhov twg?
Raws li cov cai ntawm thermodynamics, qhov tsos thiab ploj ntawm lub zog tshwm sim vim qee yam. Kev tawg ntawm cov organic tebchaw uas tsim cov khoom noj: cov proteins, carbohydrates thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lipids ua rau kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm hydrolysis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov, qhov twg macromolecules ntawm cov organic tebchaw raug cuam tshuam rau kev ua ntawm enzymes. Ib feem ntawm lub zog uas tau txais yog dissipated nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub los yog siv los tswj qhov zoo kub ntawm lub sab hauv ntawm lub cell. Qhov seem seem yog sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv mitochondria - lub hwj chim noj ntawm lub cell. Qhov no yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm ATP molecule - muab thiab ua kom lub zog xav tau ntawm lub cev.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv catabolic yog dab tsi
Ib chav tsev tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb meem nyob - lub cell, tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tsuas yog tias lub zog hloov kho tas li hauv nws lub neej voj voog. Txhawm rau ua kom tiav cov xwm txheej no hauv cellular metabolism, muaj kev taw qhia hu ua dissimilation, catabolism lossis lub zog metabolism. Hauv nws theem tsis muaj oxygen, uas yog txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws los tsim thiab khaws lub zog, los ntawm txhua cov piam thaj molecule, thaum tsis muaj oxygen, 2 molecules ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj zog yog synthesized uas muab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm ATP hauv lub cell - muab nws nrog lub zog. Feem ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov kauj ruam anoxic tshwm sim hauv cytoplasm.
Nyob ntawm cov qauv ntawm tes, nws tuaj yeem ua mus rau ntau txoj hauv kev, piv txwv li, hauv daim ntawv ntawm glycolysis, cawv lossis lactic acid fermentation. Txawm li cas los xij, cov yam ntxwv biochemical ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic no tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm ATP hauv cell. Nws yog universal: khaws cia lub zog reserves ntawm tes.
Yuav ua li cas cov qauv ntawm cov molecule muaj feem xyuam rau nws txoj haujlwm
Ua ntej, peb tau tsim qhov tseeb tias adenosine triphosphoric acid muaj peb phosphate residues txuas nrog nitrate puag - adenine, thiab monosaccharide - ribose. Txij li yuav luag txhua qhov kev cuam tshuam hauv cytoplasm ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes tau ua tiav hauv qhov nruab nrab aqueous, cov kua qaub molecules, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hydrolytic enzymes, tawg covalent bonds los tsim thawj adenosine diphosphoric acid, thiab tom qab ntawd AMP. Cov kev cuam tshuam rov qab ua rau cov synthesis ntawm adenosine triphosphoric acid tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm enzyme phosphotransferase. Txij li thaum ATP ua txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tes, nws suav nrog ob daim ntawv cog lus macroergic. Nrog rau kev sib tsoo ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv, 42 kJ raug tso tawm. Cov peev txheej no yog siv rau hauv cov metabolism hauv cell, hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev ua me nyuam.
Tus nqi ntawm ATP synthase
Nyob rau hauv organelles ntawm qhov tseem ceeb - mitochondria, nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj hlwb, muaj ib tug enzymatic system - lub ua pa saw. Nws muaj cov enzyme ATP synthase. Cov biocatalyst molecules, uas muaj daim ntawv ntawm hexamer uas muaj protein ntau globules, yog immersed ob leeg nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias thiab nyob rau hauv.stroma ntawm mitochondria. Vim yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzyme, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm tes yog tsim los ntawm ADP thiab residues ntawm inorganic phosphate acid. Cov tsim ATP molecules ua haujlwm ntawm accumulating lub zog tsim nyog rau nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm biocatalyst yog tias thaum muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub zog ntau dhau, nws coj zoo li hydrolytic enzyme, faib lawv cov molecules.
Nta ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm adenosine triphosphoric acid
Nroj tsuag muaj cov yam ntxwv metabolic loj uas cuam tshuam cov kab mob no los ntawm cov tsiaj. Nws yog txuam nrog autotrophic hom khoom noj khoom haus thiab muaj peev xwm ua cov photosynthesis. Kev tsim cov molecules uas muaj macroergic bonds tshwm sim hauv cov nroj tsuag hauv cellular organelles - chloroplasts. Lub enzyme ATP synthase twb paub rau peb yog ib feem ntawm lawv cov thylakoids thiab stroma ntawm chloroplasts. Cov haujlwm ntawm ATP hauv lub xovtooj ntawm tes yog qhov khaws cia ntawm lub zog hauv ob qho tib si autotrophic thiab heterotrophic kab mob, suav nrog tib neeg.
Cov tshuaj nrog macroergic bonds yog synthesized nyob rau hauv saprotrophs thiab heterotrophs nyob rau hauv oxidative phosphorylation tshwm sim nyob rau hauv mitochondrial cristae. Raws li koj tau pom, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm evolution, ntau pawg ntawm cov kab mob nyob tau tsim ib tug zoo meej mechanism rau lub synthesis ntawm xws li ib tug compound xws li ATP, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm uas yog muab lub cell nrog lub zog.
