Txhua yam khoom uas nyob ib puag ncig tus neeg yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Nws ua hauj lwm raws li ntau yam khoom siv. Yuav kom siv tau zoo dua, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas lawv cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv.
Nyob zoo
Tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas peb yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv:
- lub cev;
- tshuaj;
- mechanical.
Txhua ntawm lawv piav qhia qee yam ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv lem, lawv tuaj yeem muab sib xyaw ua ke, piv txwv li, lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv ua ke rau hauv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
Lub cev muaj zog
Lub cev lub cev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog lawv cov qauv, nrog rau lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo rau txhua yam txheej txheem (ntawm lub cev) uas los ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud. Cov khoom no tuaj yeem yog:
- Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv - muaj tseeb,nruab nrab thiab bulk ntom; kaw, qhib lossis tag nrho qhov ntom ntom.
- Hydrophysical (teb rau dej lossis Frost) - dej nqus, noo noo, av noo, Frost resistance.
- Thermophysical (cov khoom tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm tshav kub los yog txias) - thermal conductivity, tshav kub muaj peev xwm, hluav taws kub, hluav taws kub, thiab lwm yam.
Lawv tag nrho hais txog lub cev lub cev ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom.
yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb
Qhov tseeb yog qhov khoom ntawm lub cev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas qhia los ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov khoom rau nws ntim. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev kawm yuav tsum nyob rau hauv kiag li ntom, uas yog, tsis muaj voids thiab pores. Qhov nruab nrab ntom ntom yog hu ua lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm qhov loj ntawm ib yam khoom rau lub ntim uas nyob hauv qhov chaw. Thaum xam cov cuab yeej no, qhov ntim ntawm ib qho khoom suav nrog tag nrho cov pores sab hauv thiab sab nraud thiab voids.
Cov khoom xoob yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raws li qhov ntom ntom. Qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev kawm no suav nrog tsis yog qhov porosity ntawm cov khoom, tab sis kuj yog cov voids tsim ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom.
Qhov porosity ntawm cov khoom siv yog tus nqi uas qhia txog qib kev sau ntawm tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov khoom nrog pores.
YHydrophysical Properties
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev raug dej lossis Frost feem ntau nyob ntawm seb nws qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom,dej permeability, Frost tsis kam, thermal conductivity, thiab lwm yam.
Kev nqus dej yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom nqus thiab khaws cov dej noo. Qhov siab ntawm porosity plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov no.
Moisture return yog ib qho cuab yeej tawm tsam rau kev nqus dej, uas yog, nws ua rau cov khoom siv los ntawm sab ntawm cov dej noo rov qab mus rau nws qhov chaw. Tus nqi no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua cov khoom siv, piv txwv li, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, uas muaj cov av noo siab thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho. Ua tsaug rau cov dej noo tso tawm, lawv qhuav kom txog thaum lawv cov av sib npaug rau ib puag ncig.
Hygroscopicity yog ib yam khoom uas muab rau kev nqus dej vapor los ntawm ib yam khoom los ntawm sab nraud. Piv txwv li, ntoo tuaj yeem nqus tau dej ntau, ua rau nws hnyav dua, txo lub zog, thiab hloov qhov loj.
Shrinkage lossis shrinkage yog cov khoom siv hydrophysical ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas cuam tshuam qhov txo qis hauv nws qhov ntim thiab qhov loj me thaum ziab.
Dej tsis kam yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom khaws cia nws lub zog raws li kev ya raws.
Frost tsis kam yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom saturated nrog dej los tiv thaiv rov qab khov thiab thawing yam tsis txo cov qib ntawm lub zog thiab kev puas tsuaj.
Thermophysical properties
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, cov khoom no piav qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev raug tshav kub lossis txias ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom siv.
Thermal conductivity yog lub peev xwm ntawm ib yam khoom los hloov cov cua sov ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw los ntawm nws cov tuab.
Lub peev xwm kub yog ib yam khoom ntawm cov khoom uas muab rau kev nqus ntawm qee qhov cua sov thaum rhuab thiab tso tawm tib lub cua sov thaum txias.
Kev tiv thaiv hluav taws yog lub cev ntawm cov khoom siv uas piav qhia nws lub peev xwm tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias thiab dej hauv qhov hluav taws kub. Raws li qib ntawm kev tiv thaiv hluav taws, cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv tuaj yeem tiv taus hluav taws, qeeb-kub thiab combustible.
Refractoriness yog lub peev xwm ntawm ib yam khoom los tiv thaiv lub sijhawm ntev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias yam tsis muaj melting tom qab thiab deformation. Nyob ntawm qib ntawm refractoriness, cov khoom muaj peev xwm ua tau refractory, refractory thiab fusible.
Vapor thiab gas permeability yog lub cev khoom ntawm cov khoom kom dhau cov pa roj lossis dej vapor los ntawm lawv tus kheej hauv kev siab.
tshuaj muaj zog
Cov khoom siv tshuaj hu ua cov khoom uas piav txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los teb rau ib puag ncig cuam tshuam ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv lawv cov qauv tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom no kuj muaj xws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv cov kev cuam tshuam rau cov qauv ntawm lwm yam khoom. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj, cov ntaub ntawv tau piav qhia los ntawm qib solubility, acid thiab alkali tsis kam, roj tsis kam thiab tiv thaiv corrosion.
Solubility yog hais txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom ua kom yaj hauv dej, roj av, roj, turpentine thiab lwm yam kuab tshuaj.
Acid resistance qhia txog qib ntawm cov khoom siv raumineral thiab organic acids.
Alkali tsis kam yog coj mus rau hauv tus account hauv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm cov tshuaj, vim nws pab kom paub txog lawv qhov xwm txheej.
Gas resistance characterizes lub peev xwm ntawm ib yam khoom los tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam nrog gases uas yog ib feem ntawm cov huab cua.
Siv qhov ntsuas tiv thaiv corrosion, koj tuaj yeem paub tias ntau npaum li cas cov khoom tuaj yeem raug rhuav tshem los ntawm kev xeb uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev raug rau ib puag ncig sab nraud.
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical zog yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom siv rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab siv rau lawv.
Lub cev thiab lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau sib tshooj, tab sis muaj ntau yam khoom siv dag zog. Los ntawm ib sab ntawm mechanics, cov khoom muaj xws li elasticity, lub zog, hardness, plasticity, qaug zog, brittleness, thiab lwm yam.
Elasticity yog lub peev xwm ntawm lub cev (khoom) los tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam los hloov lawv cov ntim lossis cov duab. Ib yam khoom uas muaj tus nqi siab elasticity yog resistant rau txhua yam kev nyuaj siab thiab muaj peev xwm kho nws tus kheej, rov qab mus rau nws tus qub lub xeev tom qab lub cessation ntawm raug.
Strength qhia tias cov khoom tiv thaiv zoo li cas rau kev tawg. Nws tus nqi siab tshaj plaws rau ib yam khoom yog hu ua lub zog tensile. Plasticity kuj hais txog lub zog ntsuas. Nws yog ib qho cuab yeej (tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov khib nyiab) kom hloov tsis tau nws cov tsos (deform) nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub zog emanating los ntawm sab nraud.
Kev qaug zog yog cov txheej txheem sib sau ua ke uas, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, qib ntawm kev ntxhov siab sab hauv ntawm cov khoom nce. Cov qib no yuav nce mus txog thaum nws hla qhov kev txwv elastic, ua rau cov khoom pib tawg.
Ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau yog hardness. Nws sawv cev rau theem ntawm qhov tsis kam ntawm ib qho khoom rau indentation.
Txoj kev txiav txim siab lub cev muaj zog
txhawm rau txhawm rau paub qee yam khoom siv lub cev ntawm cov khoom siv, ntau txoj hauv kev tau siv, txhua yam yog tsom rau kev kawm qee qhov ntsuas.
txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov ntom ntawm cov qauv khoom, feem ntau siv hydrostatic hnyav txoj kev. Nws suav nrog ntsuas qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom los ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov kua uas nws txav mus. Qhov ntom ntom tiag yog xam lej los ntawm kev faib cov khoom loj los ntawm nws qhov ntim tag nrho.
Kev sim los txiav txim siab qhov nqus dej yog ua nyob rau ntau theem. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov qauv ntawm cov khoom yog hnyav, nws qhov ntev yog ntsuas thiab lub ntim yog xam. Tom qab ntawd, nws yog immersed nyob rau hauv dej rau 48 teev kom saturate nrog kua. Tom qab 2 hnub, cov qauv raug tshem tawm ntawm cov dej thiab ntsuas tam sim ntawd, tom qab ntawd cov dej nqus ntawm cov khoom raug suav ua lej.
Txhua txoj hauv kev los txiav txim siab lub cev ntawm cov khoom siv hauv kev xyaum los ntawm kev siv cov qauv tshwj xeeb.
Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg
Txhua yam khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj raug txiav txim siab los ntawm kev tsim cov xwm txheej rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev kawm nrog ntau yam reagents. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab solubility, dej, roj, roj av thiab lwm yam kuab tshuaj yog siv. Qib ntawm oxidation thiab susceptibility rau corrosion yog txiav txim siab siv ntau yam oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev uas txhawb nqa dav dav, petting thiab intergranular tshua.
Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv tshuab
Lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau nyob ntawm lawv cov qauv, lub zog uas siv rau lawv, qhov kub thiab txias thiab sab nraud. Yuav luag tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev kuaj sim. Qhov yooj yim ntawm cov no yog nro, compression, torsion, loading thiab dabtsi yog khoov. Yog li, piv txwv li, lub zog tensile ntawm cov khoom hauv dabtsi yog khoov thiab compression yog txiav txim siab siv hydraulic xovxwm.
Ntxiv rau, thaum txiav txim siab txhua yam khoom, cov qauv tshwj xeeb kuj tau siv, uas feem ntau ua raws li qhov loj ntawm ib qho khoom thiab nws ntim.
