Ammonia yog cov pa roj uas muaj cov dej solubility zoo heev: txog li 700 litres ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide tuaj yeem yaj hauv ib liter ntawm nws. Yog li ntawd, tsis tsuas yog ammonia hydrate tsim, tab sis kuj hais txog cov pawg hydroxyl, nrog rau ammonium. Qhov no yog ib qho ion uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov roj molecules thiab hydrogen protons cais tawm ntawm dej. Hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb yuav xav txog nws cov khoom thiab kev siv hauv kev lag luam, tshuaj thiab lub neej txhua hnub.
Yuav ua li cas ammonium particles tsim
Ib hom tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau, cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob qho tib si inorganic compounds thiab organic tshuaj, yog covalent daim ntawv cog lus. Nws tuaj yeem tsim tau ob qho tib si los ntawm kev sib tshooj hluav taws xob huab cua nrog cov kev sib hloov ntawm kev sib hloov - tig, thiab nrog kev pab los ntawm tus neeg txais kev pab cuam. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, ammonium yog tsim, cov mis uas yog NH 4+. Hauv qhov no, daim ntawv cog lus tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm kev siv lub orbital dawb ntawm ib lub atomthiab huab cua electron muaj ob lub electrons. Nitrogen muab cov ion nrog nws tus kheej khub ntawm qhov tsis zoo, thiab cov hydrogen proton muaj 1s orbital dawb. Thaum lub sij hawm mus txog ob electron huab ntawm nitrogen ua ntau rau nws thiab H atom. Cov qauv no hu ua molecular electron huab, nyob rau hauv uas lub plaub covalent daim ntawv cog lus yog tsim.
Tus neeg txais kev pabcuam mechanism
Ib qhov uas muab ib khub ntawm electrons hu ua tus pub, thiab ib qho nruab nrab atom uas pub dawb electron cell hu ua tus txais. Daim ntawv cog lus tsim yog hu ua pub-tau txais lossis kev sib koom tes, tsis txhob hnov qab tias nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm daim ntawv cog lus classical. Lub ammonium ion, uas nws cov qauv yog NH 4+, muaj plaub cov nyiaj sib cog lus. Ntawm cov no, peb qhov sib xyaw ua ke nitrogen thiab hydrogen atoms yog hom covalent ib txwm muaj, thiab qhov kawg yog kev sib koom ua ke. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho plaub hom yog sib npaug rau ib leeg. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov dej molecules thiab Cu2+ ions pib zoo ib yam. Hauv qhov no, macromolecule ntawm crystalline tooj liab sulfate yog tsim.
ammonium ntsev: khoom thiab ntau lawm
Nyob rau hauv ib qho ntxiv, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm hydrogen ion thiab ammonia ua rau tsim NH4+ ion. Lub NH3 molecule coj li tus neeg txais, yog li nws tau hais lub hauv paus zog. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog inorganic acids ua rau pom cov ntsev molecules: chloride, sulfate, ammonium nitrate.
NH3 + HCl=NH4Cl
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yaj ammonia hauv dej kuj ua rau tsim cov ammonium ion, uas tuaj yeem tau los ntawm kev sib npaug:
NH3 + H2O=NH4+ + OH-
Yog li ntawd, qhov concentration ntawm hydroxyl particles nce hauv cov kua dej ammonia, tseem hu ua ammonium hydroxide. Qhov no ua rau lub fact tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nruab nrab yuav alkaline. Nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab siv qhov ntsuas - phenolphthalein, uas hloov nws cov xim los ntawm tsis muaj xim rau raspberry. Feem ntau ntawm cov tebchaw muaj cov xim tsis muaj xim crystalline, yooj yim soluble hauv dej. Hauv ntau qhov kev tshwm sim, lawv zoo li cov ntsev ntawm cov hlau nquag: lithium, sodium, rubidium. Qhov zoo sib xws zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem pom ntawm poov tshuaj thiab ammonium ntsev. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm cov radii ntawm potassium ions thiab NH 4+. Thaum rhuab, lawv decompose rau ammonia gas.
NH4Cl=NH3 + HCl
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog thim rov qab, txij li nws cov khoom tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg los tsim cov ntsev ammonium. Thaum cov tshuaj ammonium chloride yog cua sov, NH3 molecules tam sim ntawd evaporate, yog li hnov qhov tsw ntawm ammonia. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau ammonium ion yog thermal decomposition ntawm nws cov ntsev.
Hydrolysis
Ammonia dej nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog, yog li cov ntsev muaj NH4+ cov khoom raug hloov pauv nrog dej - hydrolysis. Kev daws ntawm ammonium chloride los yog sulfate muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acidic me ntsis, txij li hauv lawvntau tshaj ntawm hydrogen cations accumulates. Yog tias koj ntxiv alkali rau lawv, piv txwv li, sodium hydroxide, ces hydroxyl hais yuav khi hydrogen protons los tsim cov dej molecules. Piv txwv li, hydrolysis ntawm ammonium chloride yog ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsev thiab dej, ua rau tsim cov electrolyte tsis muaj zog - NH4OH.
Ntawm ntawm thermal decomposition ntawm ammonium ntsev
Feem ntau ntawm cov tebchaw ntawm cov pab pawg no, thaum rhuab, tsim gaseous ammonia, cov txheej txheem nws tus kheej yog thim rov qab. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov ntsev tau tshaj tawm cov khoom oxidizing, piv txwv li, ammonium nitrate yog ib qho ntawm cov no, tom qab ntawd thaum cua sov, nws tsis tuaj yeem decomposes rau nitrogen monoxide thiab dej. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox, nyob rau hauv uas ammonium ion yog txo tus neeg sawv cev, thiab cov anion ntawm cov kua qaub residue ntawm nitrate acid yog oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev.
Tus nqi ntawm ammonia compounds
Ob qho roj ammonia nws tus kheej thiab feem ntau ntawm nws cov ntsev muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam, kev ua liaj ua teb, tshuaj thiab lub neej txhua hnub. Thaum tsis tshua muaj siab (txog 7-8 atm.), cov pa roj sai sai liquefies, absorbing ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub. Yog li ntawd, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tub yees units. Hauv cov chaw soj nstuam tshuaj, ammonium hydroxide yog siv los ua lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog uas yooj yim rau kev sim. Feem ntau ntawm cov ammonia yog siv kom tau nitrate acid thiab nws cov ntsev - tseem ceeb mineral chiv - nitrate. Ammonium nitrate muaj cov ntsiab lus nitrogen tshwj xeeb. Nws kuj tseem siv hauv pyrotechnics thiab hauv kev ua haujlwm demolition rau kev tsim khoomtawg - ammonals. Ammonia, uas yog ammonium chloride, tau pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv galvanic hlwb, nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov paj rwb fabrics, thiab nyob rau hauv hlau soldering txheej txheem.
Cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no accelerates tshem tawm cov oxide zaj duab xis ntawm cov hlau nto, uas yog hloov mus rau hauv chlorides los yog txo. Hauv tshuaj, ammonia, uas muaj ntxhiab tsw, yog siv los ua ib txoj hauv kev los kho kev nco qab tom qab tus neeg mob faints.
Nyob hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb tau tshuaj xyuas cov khoom thiab kev siv ammonium hydroxide thiab nws cov ntsev hauv ntau yam kev lag luam thiab tshuaj.
